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Degrees of chitosan deacetylation from white shrimp shell waste as dental biomaterials Sularsih Sularsih; Anita Yuliati; Coen Pramono D
Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) Vol. 45 No. 1 (2012): March 2012
Publisher : Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga https://fkg.unair.ac.id/en

Background: Chitosan is biomaterial improved for various dentistry applications because it is biocompatible, degradable, nontoxic, and not carcinogenic. The main parameter affecting the characteristics of chitosan is deacetylation degree. Purpose: This study is aimed to determine the degree of deacetylated of chitosan derived from white shrimp shell waste used as dental biomaterial. Methods: White shrimp shells were crushed into powder. Next, deproteination process was conducted with 3.5% NaOH solution, demineralized with 1N HCl solution, and then depigmented with 90% acetone solution into chitin powder. Deacetylation process was then conducted by soaking the chitin powder in 50% NaOH solution for 6 h at 65° C to produce white powder of chitosan. Afterwards, deacetylation degree test was conducted by using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) to calculate the ratio of the absorption bands between the absorbance peak of amide group about 1655 cm–1 and the absorbance peak of hydroxyl group about 3450 cm–1. Results: The result of the deacetylation degree test on the chitosan powder derived from white shrimp shell waste was high, about 85.165%, and had the eligible form, solubility, and pH. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the deacetylation degree of chitosan from white shrimp shells could reach 85.165%.Latar belakang: Kitosan merupakan biomaterial yang dikembangkan untuk berbagai aplikasi kedokteran gigi karena biokompatibel, dapat didegradasi, tidak toksik dan tidak karsinogenik. Parameter utama yang mempengaruhi karakteristik kitosan adalah derajat deasetilasi. Tujuan: Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui derajat deasetilasi kitosan dari limbah kulit udang putih sebagai biomaterial kedokteran gigi. Metode: Kulit udang putih dihaluskan menjadi serbuk. Setelah itu dilakukan proses deproteinasi dengan larutan NaOH 3,5%, demineralisasi dengan larutan HCl 1N, depigmentasi dengan larutan aseton 90% sehingga menjadi serbuk kitin. Proses deasetilasi dilakukan dengan merendam serbuk kitin dalam larutan NaOH 50% selama 6 jam pada suhu 65° C sehingga dihasilkan serbuk putih kitosan. Uji derajat deasetilisasi menggunakan metode spektrofotometer Fourier Transform Inframerah (FTIR) dengan menghitung nilai perbandingan pita serapan antara puncak absorbansi gugus amida sekitar 1655 cm–1, dan puncak absorbansi gugus hidroksil sekitar 3450 cm–1. Hasil: Hasil uji derajat deasetilasi serbuk kitosan dari limbah kulit udang putih adalah tinggi yaitu sebesar 85.165% dan memiliki bentuk, kelarutan dan pH yang memenuhi syarat. Kesimpulan: Dapat disimpulkan derajat deasitilasi kitosan dari kulit udang putih adalah 85,165%.

Expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 after using chitosan gel with different molecular weight on wound healing process of dental extraction Sularsih Sularsih; Endah Wahjuningsih
Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) Vol. 48 No. 2 (2015): June 2015
Publisher : Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga https://fkg.unair.ac.id/en

Background: Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) is bone stimulator which capable of inducing differentiation of mesenchymal cells into osteoblast, stimulating bone formation in wound healing process of dental extraction. Chitosan is polymer composed N-acetylD-glucosamine unit that has been used in various applications in wound healing process and bone tissue engineering. Purpose: The objective of this research was to analyzed expressions of BMP-2 for 7,14 and 21 days after using chitosan gel with different molecular weight on wound healing process of dental extraction. Method: The research was an experimental laboratory study. Rattus nornegicus strain wistar male, aged 8-16 weeks, divided into 3 treatment groups namely group 1 and II which given chitosan gel 1 % with high and low molecular weight and group III as control which were not given chitosan gel. Chitosan gel were applied into the socket of dental extraction. Rat was decaputated 7,14 and 21 days after chitosan gel application and the jaw in the treated regions and control group were cut for immunohistochemical examination to observe BMP-2. Data were analyzed using ANOVA test. Result: The result of this research showed significant differences on BMP-2 for 7,14 and 21 days observation (p<0,05). The increasing of BMP-2 were found in the group which given chitosan gel with high molecular weight. Conclusion: It may be concluded that chitosan gel with high molecular weight can enhance the expresion of BMP-2 on wound healing process ofdental extraction.

The pore size of chitosan-Aloe vera scaffold and its effect on VEGF expressions and woven alveolar bone healing of tooth extraction of Cavia cobaya S. Sularsih
Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) Vol. 53 No. 3 (2020): September 2020
Publisher : Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga https://fkg.unair.ac.id/en

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/j.djmkg.v53.i3.p115-121

Background: Pore size of scaffolds affects cellular activity, stimulates angiogenetic factors of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), synthesises new blood vessels to regulate migration and proliferation, and accelerates alveolar bone healing of tooth extraction. Purpose: This study aims to analyse the pore size of chitosan-Aloe vera scaffold and its effects on VEGF expression and woven alveolar bone healing of tooth extraction of Cavia cobaya. Methods: 36 male Cavia cobaya, aged 3-3.5 months were divided into six groups: negative control groups (without scaffold), positive control groups (chitosan scaffold), and treatment groups (chitosan-Aloe vera scaffold) on 7- and 14-day observations. Histopathological examination was performed to account the woven alveolar bone areas, and immunohistochemical examination was conducted to examine VEGF expressions on endothelial cells. Data was analysed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and least significant difference (LSD) test (p<0.05). Scaffold pore size examination was performed with scanning electron microscope (SEM) with 250x and 500x magnification. Results: Chitosan-Aloe vera scaffold was found to have open pore interconnectivity, the largest pore size was 138.9 μm, while the smallest was 110.5 μm and average pore size was 134.85 μm. The highest expression of VEGF was observed in the treatment group on days 7 (11.5 ±1.39) and 14 (15.28±1.78), while the largest woven alveolar bone was observed in the treatment group on days 7(17.83±1.47) and 14 (37.67±3.65). Statistically, there was a significant difference between control groups and the treatment groups (p=0.000; p<0.05). Conclusion: Chitosan-Aloe vera scaffold has pore characteristics increasing VEGF expressions and woven alveolar bone areas.

Pengaruh Viskositas Kitosan Gel Terhadap Penggunaannya di Proses Penyembuhan Luka Sularsih Sularsih
Jurnal Material Kedokteran Gigi Vol 2 No 1 (2013): JMKG Vol 2 No 1 Maret 2013
Publisher : Ikatan Peminat Ilmu Material dan Alat Kedokteran Gigi (IPAMAGI)

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Chitosan powder when dissolved with acetat acid solution gives viscous solution. The accessibility of chitosan depends on viscosity of its solution. The viscosity determines the extent of penetration of chitosan. The aim of this study was to account the proliferation cells on wound healing process of dental extraction using different viscosity of chitosan gel. Rattus nornegicus strain wistar male, aged 8-16 weeks, divided into 2 treatment groups namely group 1 which given chitosan gel with high viscosity and group II which given chitosan with low viscosity. Chitosan were applied into the socket of dental extraction. Rat was decaputated 7 and 14 days after chitosan application and the jaw in the treated regions and control group were cut for histopatological to observe the proliferation cells. Data were analyzed using t test. The result showed significant differences of proliferation cells between groups with high and low viscosity of chitosan. The group with high viscosity of chitosan have more higher of proliferation cells.(p<0,05). The viscosity can influence the absorbtion of chitosan that accessibility to its application on proliferation cells of wound healing process.

Perbandingan Jumlah Sel Osteoblas pada Penyembuhan Luka Antara Penggunaan Kitosan Gel 1% dan 2% Sularsih Sularsih; Soeprijanto Soeprijanto
Jurnal Material Kedokteran Gigi Vol 1 No 2 (2012): JMKG Vol 1 No 2 September 2012
Publisher : Ikatan Peminat Ilmu Material dan Alat Kedokteran Gigi (IPAMAGI)

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The use of chitosan in medical fields known as biomaterial nowdays can be used in dental clinical application. Chitosan is obtained by N-acetylating chitin and it is a biodegradable natural biopolymer that can enhance bone healing. The aim of this study was to compare account the rate of osteoblast cells on bone healing process of dental extraction in Rattus norvegicus for 7 and 14 days. Rattus nornegicus strain wistar male, aged 8-16 weeks, divided into 3 treatment groups namely group 1 which given chitosan gel 1%, group II which given chitosan gel 2 % and group III as control which were not given chitosan gel. Chitosan were applied into the socket of dental extraction. Rat was decaputated 7 and 14 days after chitosan application and the jaw in the treated regions and control group were cut for histopatological to observe the number of osteoblast cells. Data were analyzed using t test. The result showed no significant differences in osteoblast cells number between the use chitosan gel 1 and 2 % in 7 and 14 days observation (p<0,05). There was not different number of osteoblast cells with application between chitosan gel 1 % and 2 %. It can be concluded that chitosan gel 1 and 2 % has ability to enhance the bone healing process in post extraction socket of Rattus norvegicus.

Penggunaan Scaffold Kitosan-Aloe Vera Terhadap Proliferasi Sel Fibroblas pada Penyembuhan Luka Pasca Pencabutan Gigi Cavia Cobaya Sularsih Sularsih; Fitria Rahmitasari
Jurnal Material Kedokteran Gigi Vol 7 No 2 (2018): JMKG Vol 7 No 2 September 2018
Publisher : Ikatan Peminat Ilmu Material dan Alat Kedokteran Gigi (IPAMAGI)

Aloe vera has been investigated potential use in tissue engineering. Its bioactive compounds interact with growth factor receptor on the fibroblast and stimulate cells proliferation. The aim of this study was to investigate the proliferation of fibroblast cells on wound healing process of Cavia cobaya dental extraction using scaffold combination chitosan and Aloe vera. Cavia cobaya male with 300-350 grams of weight and in the age of 3 to 3.5 months. It divided into ten groups (n=5). For Treatment groups, Aloe vera scaffold(Av); Chitosan Scaffold (Ch); Scaffold combination chitosan-Aloe vera (Ch-Av) and scaffold combination chitosan- Aloe vera- hidroksiapatit(Ch-Av-HA) were applied into the socket of dental extraction. For control group, which were not given scaffold. Cavia cobaya were decaputated at 7 and 14 days and the jaw in the treated regions and control group were cut for Histopatology Anatomy examination to investigate the proliferation of fibroblast cells. Data were analyzed using One way Anova test. The proliferation of fibroblast cells were found higher in the group which given Av-Ch and Av-Ch-HA scaffold. The result showed significant differences in proliferation of fibroblast cells for 7 and 14 days observation compared to control group (p<0,05). The application of scaffold combination Chitosan and Aloe vera accelerate the wound healing process of Cavia cobaya dental extraction.

Pengaruh Penggunaan Kitosan Dengan Berat Molekul Yang Berbeda Terhadap Ekspresi Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (Tnf Α) Pada Penyembuhan Luka Pencabutan Gigi Tikus Rattus Norvegicus Sularsih Sularsih; Soeprijanto Soeprijanto
Jurnal Material Kedokteran Gigi Vol 5 No 1 (2016): JMKG Vol 5 No 1 Maret 2016
Publisher : Ikatan Peminat Ilmu Material dan Alat Kedokteran Gigi (IPAMAGI)

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Chitosan which is composed glucosamine and acetlyglucosamine has been proven to be biologically, renewable,biodegradable, biocompatible and biofunctional. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF a) is inflammatory factors that have important role in wound healing process of dental extraction. The aim of this study was to compare the expression of Tumor Necroting Factor Alpha (TNF a) on wound healing process of dental extraction using different molecular weight of chitosan gel. Rattus nornegicus strain wistar male, aged 8-16 weeks, divided into 3 treatment groups namely group 1 which given chitosan gel with high molecular weight. Group II which given chitosan with low molecular weight and group III which given’t chitosan gel. Chitosan gel were applied into the socket of dental extraction. Rat was decaputated 3 and 4 days after chitosan application and the jaw in the treated regions and control group were cut for imunohistochemical examination to observe the expression of Tumor Necroting Factor Alpha (TNF a). Data were analyzed using One way Anova test. The result showed significant differences of expression of Tumor Necroting Factor Alpha (TNF a) between groups with different molecular weight (p<0,05). The expression of TNF using chitosan with high and low molecular weight were 11,83±2,137 and 9,60±0,894 on 3 days examination and 17,00±1,871 and 12,17±1,722 on 4 days examination. The application of Chitosan gel with high molecular weight on wound healing process of dental extraction could stimulate the expression of TNF a.

Agen Crosslink dalam Pembuatan Biomimetic Scaffold Sebagai Material Rekayasa Jaringan Tulang Fitria Rahmitasari; Sularsih Sularsih
Jurnal Material Kedokteran Gigi Vol 8 No 2 (2019): JMKG Vol 8 No 2 September 2019
Publisher : Ikatan Peminat Ilmu Material dan Alat Kedokteran Gigi (IPAMAGI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32793/jmkg.v8i2.344

Case of bone destruction such as socket of post-tooth extraction and periodontitis can cause pain and disrupt the function of mastication, so it takes a tissue engineering material in the form of biomimetic scaffold by mimicking the structure and the original function of bone. Material for bone tissue engineering that has grown widely include the use of collagen, gelatin, chitosan, and hydroxyapatite. These materials can be mutually combined using crosslink agents in the scaffold fabrication process. Determine the role of crosslink agents in the manufacture of biomimetic scaffolds as bone tissue engineering materials in the field of dentistry. Material in the scaffold fabrication is a polymer which can be modified by the incorporation of other polymers. Additionally, polysaccharides have abundant functional groups such as hydroxyl groups, amino groups and/or carboxylic acid groups, amenable to various types of chemical modifications. Modification with other polymers can be done by adding crosslink agents by irradiation or through chemical reactions. The role of a crosslink agent in a material modification can increase the material resistance to heat, light, other physical properties, and can increase the degree of dimensional stability and mechanical strength so these values are important to consider for the survival of cells in scaffolds at early time points. Different forms of crosslink agents can be utilized to obtain good biomimetic scaffold so that optimize the osteoconductivity properties of bone tissue engineering.

The Difference Compressive Strength of Scaffold Combination Chitosan and Aloe vera Extracted Water and Ethanol Dwi Ayu Trisnawati; Sularsih; Widaningsih
Denta Journal Kedokteran Gigi Vol 13 No 1 (2019): Februari
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Hang Tuah

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Background: Scaffold can be use in bone regeneration, but it should have similarities characteristic to a natural bone such as compressive strength that supported the process of growth and development of bone. This research use scaffold that made from chitosan and Aloe vera. Chitosan well-known as osteoconductive material, meanwhile Aloe vera was osteoinductive material. Purpose: The aim of this research was to compare compressive strength scaffold combinations of chitosan and Aloe vera extracted water and ethanol. Materials and Methods: Research design using post test only control group design with 36 scaffolds divided into 6 groups. Group 1 was scaffold Aloe vera extracted water (AVa), group 2 was scaffold Aloe vera extracted ethanol (AVe), group 3 was scaffold combination chitosan and Aloe vera extracted water 1: 1 (k-AVa1), group 4 was the scaffold combination of chitosan and Aloe vera extracted ethanol 1: 1 (k-AVe1), group 5 was scaffold combination of chitosan and Aloe vera extracted water 1: 2 (k-AVa2), and group 6 was scaffold combination of chitosan and Aloe vera ethanol extract 1: 2 (k -AVe2). Compressive strength test used Universal Testing Machine (Shimadzu Autograph–AGS–1kNX and using software Trapezium X). Data were analyzed using One Way ANOVA and Games Howell test. Results: The result of compressive strength AVa=1.36 MPa, AVe=1.03 MPa, k-AVa1=0.27 MPa, k-AVe1=0.11 MPa, k-AVa2=0.38 MPa, and k-AVe2=0.29 MPa. All groups have significant differences except AVa & AVe and k-AVa1 & K-AVe2 (p>0,05). Conclusion: There was difference between compressive strength scaffold combinations of chitosan and Aloe vera extracted water and ethanol, and the most highest compressive strength is AVa.

The Effective Difference Application of Chitosan Gel with Different Molecular Weight and Aloe vera on The Density of Collagen Fibers in Wound Healing of Traumatic Ulcer Michelle Suhartono; Sularsih; Nafi’ah
Denta Journal Kedokteran Gigi Vol 12 No 1 (2018): Februari
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Hang Tuah

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Background: Traumatic ulcer is one of the most common oral wounds. Chitosan has mucoadhesive characteristic while Aloe vera containing lignin which is able to penetrate the skin. It is expected that the combined gel of chitosan and Aloe vera will function as wound healing accelerator in traumatic ulcer. Molecular weight is one of the characteristics of chitosan quality. Purpose: the aim of this experiment was to know the density of collagen fibers in wound healing of traumatic ulcer using the combined gel of chitosan with different molecular weight and Aloe vera. Materials and Methods: 30 Male Rattus Norvegicus were divided into 3 groups. Group I was control group (without chitosan and Aloe vera), group II was given low molecular weight chitosan and Aloe vera, group III was given high molecular weight chitosan and Aloe vera. The groups were given traumatic ulcer making with 4 mm diameter and 2 mm depth. Rats were sacrificed by decapitation on day 3 and 7 then they were examined histopatologically to see the density of collagen fibers. Result: Statistical analysis with Kruskall Wallis and Mann-Whitney U test showed that there were significant difference p<0,05 between high and low molecular weight chitosan with Aloe vera group on day 3 and 7. Conclusion: Chitosan with high molecular weight and Aloe vera were more effective in wound healing of traumatic ulcer because they increase the density of collagen fibers.

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