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The Effect of Variation in Cone Position Heigth on Raw Water Turbidity Removal in Sedimentation Unit Continuous Discharge Flow (CDF) Method as a New Method Ridwan Ridwan; Reri Afrianita; Yar Gustina
Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan Vol 20, No 1 (2022): January 2022
Publisher : School of Postgraduate Studies, Diponegoro Univer

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jil.20.1.58-64

Unit sedimentasi metode continuous discharges flow (CDF) adalah metode baru dalam menyisihkan kekeruhan yang menggunakan prinsip tangki bocor secara kontinu dan terkendali. Perubahan ketinggian posisi cone dari dasar zona pengendapan ke bagian atas, dapat memperkecil jarak antara sumber aliran buang akibat bocor yang berasal dari cone sebagai sumber gaya baru yang bekerja terhadap flok, dan pada akhirnya meningkatkan efisiensi penyisihan kekeruhan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efisiensi penyisihan kekeruhan air baku pada 3 variasi ketinggian posisi cone di zona pengendapan. Penelitian menggunakan reaktor skala laboratorium kapasitas 240 L/jam yang terdiri dari unit koagulasi terjunan, flokulasi baffle channel dan sedimentasi metode CDF. Unit sedimentasi metode CDF yang digunakan adalah CDF 6% dengan variasi ketinggian posisi cone 0 m, 0,33 m dan 0,66 m dari dasar zona pengendapan. Air baku yang digunakan adalah Sungai Batang Kuranji Kota Padang dengan kekeruhan 25,876 – 26,012 NTU dan tawas sebagai koagulan dalam proses koagulasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan efisiensi penyisihan kekeruhan pada ketinggian posisi cone 0 m, 0,33 m dan 0,66 m secara berurutan adalah sebesar 82,88%, 83,86% dan 84,60%. Ketinggian posisi cone 0,66 m dari dasar zona pengendapan adalah posisi optimum dengan efisiensi penyisihan kekeruhan 1,72% lebih besar dari posisi cone di dasar zona pengendapan, yaitu 0 m. Analisis pengaruh ketinggian posisi cone terhadap penyisihan kekeruhan menggunakan korelasi Rank Spearman, menunjukkan pengaruh yang sangat kuat, semakin tinggi posisi cone semakin besar efisiensi penyisihan. Bilangan Reynolds (NRe)dan bilangan Froude (NFr) pada aliran buang ini secara berurutan adalah 23,83 dan 9,33x10-4. ABSTRACTThe continuous discharges flow (CDF) sedimentation unit is a new method for removing turbidity using the principle of a continuous and controlled leaking tank. Changes in the height of the cone position from the bottom of the settling zone to the top, can reduce the distance between the exhaust flow sources due to leakage from the cone as a new force source acting on the floc, and ultimately increase the efficiency of turbidity removal. This study aims to analyze the efficiency of raw water turbidity removal at 3 variations in the height of the cone position in the settling zone. The study used a laboratory-scale reactor with a capacity of 240 L/hour consisting of a plunge coagulation unit, baffle channel flocculation, and CDF sedimentation method. The sedimentation unit for the CDF method used is 6% CDF with variations in the height of the cone position 0 m, 0.33 m, and 0.66 m from the bottom of the settling zone. The raw water used is Sungai Batang Kuranji, Padang City with a turbidity of 25.875 – 26.012 NTU and alum as a coagulant in the coagulation process. The results showed that the efficiency of removal of turbidity at the height of the cone 0 m, 0.33 m, and 0.66 m respectively was 82.88%, 83.86%, and 84.60%. The height of the cone position 0.66 m from the bottom of the settling zone is the optimum position with a turbidity removal efficiency of 1.72% greater than the cone position at the bottom of the settling zone, which is 0 m. Analysis of the effect of the height of the cone position on the removal of turbidity using Spearman's Rank correlation showed a very strong influence, the higher the cone position the greater the removal efficiency. Reynolds number (NRe) and Froude number (NFr) in this exhaust stream are 23.83 and 9.33x10-4, respectively.

PEMANFAATAN BIOMASSA CANGKANG LANGKITANG (FAUNUS ATER) SEBAGAI BIOSORBEN LOGAM BERAT KROM PADA LIMBAH CAIR Nidia Nur Jamil; Ridwan Ridwan
JURNAL AERASI Vol 1, No 1 (2019): JURNAL AERASI
Publisher : Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Industri Padang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36275/jaerasi.v1i1.132

Cangkang langkitang (Faunus ater) merupakan limbah yang dapat dijadikan sebagai biosorben karena mengandung senyawa turunan kalsium karbonat (CaCO3) secara fisik mempunyai pori-pori yang memungkinkan memiliki kemampuan mengadsorpsi zat-zat lain kedalam pori-pori permukaannya yang dapat mengikat ion logam. Salah satu logam berat yang merupakan sumber pencemaran dan perlu dihilangkan dalam perairan adalah logam kromium (Cr). Logam ini digunakan dalam industri penyamakan kulit, pelapisan logam, industri cat dan industri tekstil, bersifat karsinogenik sehingga sangat berbahaya bagi kesehatan. Pembuatan biosorben dari cangkang langkitang bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah adsorben tersebut dapat menurunkan kadar ion logam kromium dalam limbah penyamakan kulit. Variasi pH, ukuran adsorben, dan ketebalan adsorben dilakukan untuk mengetahui kondisi optimum terhadap proses penyerapan ion logam kromium dengan cangkang langkitang menggunakan SSA. Variasi pH dilakukan pada pH 2, 3, 4, 5 dan 6 dan keadaan optimum diperoleh pada pH 2 dengan variasi ukuran adsorben 40, 70 dan 100 Mesh dan variasi ketebalan adsorben 2, 6 dan 10 cm. Hasil dari penyerapan 20 ml limbah Cr menggunakan adsorben cangkang langkitang sebesar 72,57 ppm. Setelah diadsorpsi sampel dianalisis dengan SSA, didapatkan hasil bahwa logam kromium pada sampel memiliki nilai efektifitas terbesar yaitu pada ukuran 100 mesh sebesar 99, 29 % sedangkan untuk ukuran 40 dan 70 mesh sebesar 98,23 % dan 98, 78 %.

Analisis Kondisi Eksisting Jaringan Pipa Distribusi Air Bersih Kelurahan Simpang Rumbio, PDAM Kota Solok Ridwan Ridwan
Jurnal Serambi Engineering Vol 4, No 2 (2019)
Publisher : Fakultas Teknik

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32672/jse.v4i2.1331

This research is intended to determine the hydraulic conditions of the clean water distribution network in Simpang Rumbio Village by Solok City PDAM, in order to resolve water problems that often do not flow in the city border area and its surroundings. PDAM Solok City must be able to meet customers’ clean water needs from aspects of quality, quantity and continuity. From the data of active customers of PDAM Kota Solok in 2018, the average level of clean water usage is 806 liters / customer / month or 130 liters / person / day, with an average water loss rate of 43.17%. The nodes included in Epanet 2.0 Software are 7 nodes, with the initial node P being a reservoir equipped with a capacity distribution pump of 30 liters / second and a head of 60 meters around the CEC IPA area. The six other nodes are the point of collection for active customers in Simpang Rumbio Subdistrict as many as 1,547 customers with a total distribution pipe length of 6,300 meters Epanet 2.0 analysis results, there is a negative pressure on node 5 (Prosecutor’s Office) (-0.18) meters and node 6 (Saok Laweh) (-4, 5) meters. The alternative solution is by replacing pipe 4 from a diameter of 100 mm to 150 mm type PVC, or increasing the specifications of the pump head to 70–80 meters

Improved Performance of Water Supply System Sawah Liek and Tungku Sadah PDAM Kota Padang Panjang Ridwan Ridwan
Jurnal Serambi Engineering Vol 6, No 3 (2021): Juli 2021
Publisher : Fakultas Teknik

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32672/jse.v6i3.3048

Sawah Liek and Tungku Sadah have increased turbidity during the rainy season, 629 NTU. Sawah Liek and Tungku Sadah are 845 m and 888 m above sea level and flow by gravity at Sungai Andok Reservoir, 802 m. Sawah Liek has a production of 5 l/s for 428 customers and Tungku Sadah 10 l/s for 2,806 customers. One of the causes of turbidity fluctuation during rain is planting activities which degrade the area of land cover, increase runoff and minimize infiltration into the area that the flow from the source decreases every year. Water consumption for customers of Sawah Liek is 202 l/person/day and Tungku Sadah 62 l/person/day is smaller than the category of small towns of 130 l/person/day. The installed slow sand filter is unable to handle the turbidity during the rain in exceeds of 50 NTU. The maximum produced by the installed slow sand filter is 2.67 l/s. Changes in the function of the filter installed at a high-speed sand filter can increase production to 26.7 l/s and overcome turbidity fluctuations can be accomplished by improving the system with a complete treatment facility or an incomplete processing facility consisting of a screen, a large chamber, coagulation, and flocculation, filtration and disinfection.

A Modification of the Sedimentation Unit with Continuous Discharges Flow (CDF) as a New Method to Increase Turbidity Removal in Raw Water Ridwan Ridwan; Reri Afrianita; Yogi Kurniawan
Andalasian International Journal of Applied Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 1 No. 1 (2021): July 2021
Publisher : LPPM Universitas Andalas

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25077/aijaset.v1i1.6

This study applies a new method to remove the turbidity of raw water in the sedimentation unit called CDF sedimentation using the working principle of a leaky tank at the bottom of the tank. The test was carried out on a laboratory scale reactor of 240 L/hour for 6 hours consisting of a waterfall coagulation unit for 5 seconds and alum as a coagulant. perforated wall flocculation unit with 30 minutes detention time and 1 hour CDF sedimentation unit. The study was conducted with 4 variations of CDF, namely 0%, 1%, 3%, and 5% with turbidity of 75.25 NTU. The results showed the greater the CDF value, the greater the decrease in turbidity that occurred. The highest level of turbidity removal occurred at 5% CDF value with an efficiency of 91,09%, a correlation value -0,927, and a significance value of 0,00 < 0,05. CDF value gives an influence on Reynolds numbers and Froude numbers in sedimentation units where Reynolds numbers are in the range 65,71-76,75 and Froude numbers 1,96x10-4-2,29x10-4. This shows the Reynolds number and the Froude number will get bigger as the value of the CDF and still matches the design criteria of the laminar. Keywords: The CDF sedimentation, Efficiency, and Turbidity.

The Effect of Coagulants Variations in the Coagulation Unit on the Efficiency of Raw Water Turbidity Removal Sedimentation Unit Continuous Discharges Flow (CDF) as a New Method Ridwan Ridwan; Reri Afrianita; Resi Meilinta Danir Danir
Andalasian International Journal of Applied Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 1 No. 02 (2021): November 2021
Publisher : LPPM Universitas Andalas

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25077/aijaset.v1i02.17

Variations in the type of coagulant resulted in different floc characteristics. The sedimentation unit with continuous discharges flow or (CDF) method is a sedimentation unit that applies the leaking tank phenomenon, so it is possible that it will affect the condition of the floc that has been formed and in the end can affect the efficiency of turbidity removal. This study was to determine the effect of the type of coagulant in the coagulation unit on the removal of raw water turbidity in the sedimentation unit using the CDF method with a 6% discharge ratio to the product discharge. The raw water used is Sungai Batang Kuranji water with a turbidity of 27.63 NTU. The experimental reactor consisted of a coagulation-flocculation unit and a sedimentation unit with various coagulants being Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAC), Ferric Chloride, and Alum. The results showed that the efficiency of removing turbidity from the Sungai Batang Kuranji by PAC coagulant was 90.12%, Ferric Chloride 86.99%, and Alum 81.72%. The Spearman correlation value of the coagulant variable on the efficiency of the removal of turbidity is 0.948, indicating a unidirectional effect between the two variables. The addition of 6% CDF flow in the settling zone did not break the floc because the flow formed was still laminar.

The Study of Raw Water Turbidity Removal in Sedimentation Unit Continuous Discharges Flow (CDF) Method Using Plate Settlers Ridwan Ridwan; Reri Afrianita; Refa Nabila Hadi
Andalasian International Journal of Applied Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 2 No. 3 (2022): November 2022
Publisher : LPPM Universitas Andalas

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25077/aijaset.v2i03.38

The sedimentation unit using the continuous discharges flow (CDF) method can remove raw water turbidity of 91.09% with initial turbidity of 75.248 NTU. The performance of the sedimentation unit using the CDF method needs to be tested at high turbidity, which is more than 100 NTU. Sedimentation using the CDF method with the addition of plate settlers is an alternative that can be done by increasing the turbidity value. This study aims to determine the performance of the sedimentation unit using the CDF method with the addition of plate settlers in the removal of high turbidity. The study used a laboratory-scale reactor of 240 L/hour, with units consisting of plunge coagulation, baffle channel flocculation and a 5% CDF method sedimentation unit with plate settlers. The study used artificial raw water with variations in turbidity of 110.355 NTU, 132.035 NTU, and 153.338 NTU. The research shows that the efficiency of removal of turbidity on average for the variation of turbidity is 92.32%, 91.25%, and 89.87%, respectively. The correlation value and significance of Rank Spearmen from the variation of turbidity to reactor performance are -0.926 and 0.00, respectively. In other words, the more turbid the raw water, the lower the reactor performance

Potensi Uprating pada Unit Sedimentasi Metode Continuous Discharges Flow terhadap Penyisihan Kekeruhan Air Baku Ridwan Ridwan; Reri Afrianita; Rifka Indriani
Jurnal Serambi Engineering Vol 7, No 4 (2022): Oktober 2022
Publisher : Fakultas Teknik

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32672/jse.v7i4.4731

Unit Sedimentasi Continuous Discharges Flow (CDF) adalah modifikasi dengan menambahkan aliran buangan secara kontinu dan terkendali sebagai gaya baru yang bekerja terhadap partikel flok guna meningkatkan efisiensi penyisihan kekeruhan. Pengurangan produksi akibat aliran buangan sebesar 6% terhadap debit produksi unit sedimentasi perlu diresirkulasi. Penelitian bertujuan meningkatkan debit produksi dan efisiensi penyisihan kekeruhan dengan resirkulasi aliran buangan CDF. Percobaan dilakukan dalam skala laboratorium dengan nilai kekeruhan air baku 25,536 NTU. Rangkaian alat yang digunakan unit koagulasi flokulasi, unit sedimentasi metode CDF 6% dengan variasi produksi 240 L/jam dan 360 L/jam, serta variasi resirkulasi aliran buangan CDF 6% ke inlet flokulasi adalah 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% dan 100%. Waktu tinggal unit sedimentasi debit 240 L/jam dan 360 L/jam secara berurutan yaitu 90 menit dan 60 menit. Hasil percobaan menjelaskan bahwa resirkulasi aliran buangan CDF yang semakin besar dapat meningkatkan efisiensi penyisihan kekeruhan dan itu terlihat dari parameter analisis Rank Spearman dengan nilai korelasi dari nilai resirkulasi aliran buangan CDF terhadap efisiensi penyisihan kekeruhan adalah 0,980 dan nilai signifikansi 0,00 yang berarti kuat dan signifikan. Efisiensi penyisihan kekeruhan maksimum pada debit 240 L/jam mencapai 87,21% dan debit 360 L/jam adalah 82,50% dengan nilai resirkulasi aliran buangan CDF 100% dan memiliki potensi uprating sistem.

The Effect of Cone Area Variations on the Continuous Discharges Flow (CDF) Method Sedimentation Unit as a New Method for Raw Water Turbidity Removal Ridwan Ridwan; Reri Afrianita; Aulia Massyaf Putri; Reski Anggika
Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan Vol 21, No 3 (2023): July 2023
Publisher : School of Postgraduate Studies, Diponegoro Univer

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jil.21.3.659-666

The Sedimentation Unit Continuous Discharges Flow (CDF) method is a modification by adding a continuous and controlled discharge flow as a net force acting on the particles to increase the efficiency of turbidity removal by applying the principle of a leaky tank at the bottom of the settling zone. The production capacity of the sedimentation unit using the CDF method is reduced due to the CDF flow of 6% of the flow rate so it needs to be recirculated. This study aims to maintain the production flow rate of the system and increase the efficiency of turbidity removal by recirculating the CDF flow. The research reactor consisted of a coagulation unit, flocculation unit, and sedimentation method using 6% CDF with a flow rate of 240 L/hour and 360 L/hour, and variations in the recirculation flow of 6% CDF to the flocculation unit were 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100 %. The sedimentation detention time at a flow rate of 240 L/hour and 360 L/hour was 90 minutes and 60 minutes, respectively. Research on a laboratory scale with raw water turbidity of 25,536 NTU. The results showed that the greater the CDF flow recirculation value, the higher the turbidity removal efficiency. Rank Spearman analysis, the correlation value of the CDF flow recirculation value to the efficiency of removal of turbidity is 0.980 and the significance value is 0.00 which means strong and significant. The highest turbidity removal efficiency was achieved at the 100% CDF flow recirculation value, ie at 240 L/hour flow rate was 87.21% with final turbidity 3.267 NTU, while at 360 L/hour flow rate was 82.50% with final turbidity 4,528 NTU. Uprating the flow rate in the experiment was able to produce a final turbidity value that met the drinking water quality standard, which was 5 NTU

Pemanfaatan Limbah Sedotan Plastik sebagai Media Lekat dalam Proses Anammox: Utilization of Waste Plastic Straws as Carrier in the Anammox Process Zulkarnaini; Annisa Aulia Rasyidah; Ridwan
Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan Vol. 24 No. 1 (2023)
Publisher : BRIN Publishing (Penerbit BRIN)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55981/jtl.2023.239

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) bacteria tend to settle in the reactor due to self-granulation capability. Carrier is used to enhancing nitrogen removal by anammox biofilm. This study analyzed nitrogen removal using plastic straws as carriers and compared nitrogen removal at different heights of the reactor. The study was conducted using an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor with a volume of 300 mL with three sampling points of 8, 16, and 24 cm and operated for 72 days continuously. The artificial wastewater containing 70 mg-N/L ammonium and nitrite was continuously delivered into the reactor with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 6 hours and 3 hours. Cultivated anammox bacteria from Lake Koto Baru, Indonesia, was inoculated into the reactor to start the experiment. The nitrogen removal performance was calculated based on the influent and effluent concentrations of ammonium, nitrate, and nitrite. The nitrogen removal performance achieved a nitrogen removal rate (NRR) of 0.96 kg-N/m3·d, nitrogen removal efficiency (NRE) of 74.62%, and ammonium conversion efficiency (ACE) of 87%. This study shows that nitrogen removal can be optimized by using plastic straws as the carrier. The nitrogen removal mainly occurred in the bottom of the reactor where the average nitrogen removal at 1/3, 2/3, and top of reactor height was 60, 30, and 10%, respectively. Abstrak Bakteri anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) cenderung mengendap di dasar reaktor karena kemampuannya untuk membentuk granular. Media lekat sering digunakan untuk meningkatkan penyisihan nitrogen berupa biofilm anammox. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis penyisihan nitrogen menggunakan sedotan plastik sebagai media lekat dan membandingkan penyisihan nitrogen pada ketinggian reaktor. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan reaktor up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) bervolume 300 mL dengan 3 titik sampling yaitu pada ketinggian 8, 16, dan 24 cm yang dioperasikan selama 72 hari. Bakteri anammox yang telah dikultivasi dari Telaga Koto Baru, Kabupaten Tanah Datar, Sumatra Barat, diinokulasikan ke dalam reaktor untuk memulai percobaan. Air limbah artifisial yang mengandung 70 mg-N/L amonium dan nitrit dialirkan ke dalam reaktor secara kontinu dengan hydraulic retention time (HRT) 6 jam dan 3 jam. Kinerja penyisihan nitrogen dihitung berdasarkan konsentrasi amonium, nitrit dan nitrat. Penyisihan nitrogen maksimal mencapai nitrogen removal rate (NRR) 0,96 kg-N/m3.h, nitrogen removal efficiency (NRE) 74,62%, dan ammonium conversion efficiency (ACE) 87%. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penyisihan nitrogen dapat dioptimalkan dengan menggunakan sedotan plastik sebagai media. Penyisihan nitrogen terutama terjadi di bagian bawah reaktor di mana rata-rata penyisihan nitrogen pada 1/3, 2/3, dan paling atas ketinggian reaktor masing-masing adalah 60, 30, dan 10%.

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