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All Journal SOCA: Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian Analisis Kebijakan Pertanian Forum Penelitian Agro Ekonomi Analisis Kebijakan Pertanian
KURNIA SUCI INDRANINGSIH
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Economics, Econometrics & Finance

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PROSPEK KEBERLANJUTAN PROGRAM KAWASAN RUMAH PANGAN LESTARI nFN Saptana; Kurnia Suci Indraningsih; nFN Ashari; Maesti Mardiharini
Analisis Kebijakan Pertanian Vol 19, No 1 (2021): Analisis Kebijakan Pertanian - Juni 2021
Publisher : Pusat Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/akp.v19n1.2021.69-87

Abstract

The use of backyard land (pekarangan) by community has not been optimal yet. As a component of food diversification effort, Ministry of Agriculture has developed a program called Sustainable Food-Reserved Garden (SRFG) that empowers Women Farmer Group (WFG) to be able to provide a diverse and nutritious food for their families continuously. The purpose of this study was to evaluate SFRG activities that include an assessment of policy concepts, implementation, output, and outcomes. Coverage of this study was at national level with indepth analysis was conducted in two selected provinces, namely East Java and West Kalimantan. Data collection in these two provinces used survey and interview to 39 WFGs. Data was analysed using descriptive and a statistical methos using Partial Least Square (PLS). Results of this study showed that the SFRG program performances in the two provinces were mostly moderate to good. However, if there were no supporting policies and programs, the SFRG program was predicted will not be sustainable. Several factors affecting the sustainability of SFRG were (i) availability of planting media; (ii) availability of water sources and their efficient use; (iii) market institutions (mini markets, village markets) and business partnerships with collectors and supermarket; and (iv) processing of results that can increase value-added and SFRG networks. The policy implications for the sustainability of SFRG program are determined by the implementation aspects, supporting aspects, promotion aspects, and the synergy between programs across sectors.AbstrakPemanfaatan lahan pekarangan yang dilakukan masyarakat dinilai belum optimal. Sebagai komponen dari upaya diversifikasi pangan, Kementerian Pertanian mengembangkan program Kawasan Rumah Pangan Lestari (KRPL) yang merupakan kegiatan Kelompok Wanita Tani (KWT) di lahan pekarangan untuk menghasilkan aneka pangan bergizi untuk keluarganya secara berkelanjutan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah melakukan evaluasi program KRPL yang mencakup aspek konsep kebijakan, implementasi, output dan outcome. Cakupan penelitian bersifat nasional, dengan pendalaman dilakukan di dua provinsi terpilih, yaitu Jawa Timur dan Kalimantan Barat. Pengumpulan data di kedua provinsi tersebut dilakukan dengan metoda dan wawancara terhadap 39 KWT. Analisis dilakukan secara diskriptif kualitatif dan analisis statistik dengan menggunakan Partial Least Square (PLS). Implementasi program KRPL menunjukkan kinerja  sedang hingga baik. Meskipun demikian, jika tidak ada kebijakan dan program pendukung maka program KRPL terancam tidak berkelanjutan. Faktor-faktor yang paling berpengaruh terhadap keberhasilan program KRPL adalah (a) ketersediaan media tanam; (b) ketersediaan sumber air dan pemanfaatannya secara efisien; (c) adanya kelembagaan pasar (kios desa, pasar mini, pasar desa) dan kemitraan usaha (pedagang pengumpul, pedagang keliling); dan (d) pengolahan hasil yang dapat meningkatkan nilai tambah dan jejaring KRPL. Implikasi kebijakan untuk keberlanjutan program KRPL sangat ditentukan oleh aspek pelaksanaan, aspek pendukung, dan aspek promosi, serta sinergi antar program lintas sektor.
Mewujudkan Keunggulan Komparatif Menjadi Keunggulan Kompetitif Melalui Pengembangan Kemitraan Usaha Hortikultura nFN Saptana; nFN Sunarsih; Kurnia Suci Indraningsih
Forum penelitian Agro Ekonomi Vol 24, No 1 (2006): Forum Penelitian Agro Ekonomi
Publisher : Pusat Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/fae.v24n1.2006.61-76

Abstract

EnglishChanges in strategic environment indicated by trade liberalization, regional autonomy, consumer preference, and environmental sustainability, require conduct adjustment of horticulture agribusiness partnership institutions. This review focuses: (1) the concept of competitiveness and importance of partnership; (2) status of competitiveness of some Indonesian horticultural commodities; (3) formulating critical nodes of competitive business partnership; (4) efforts to realize comparative advantage into competitive advantage through business partnership.  In general, horticultural commodities have both comparative and competitive advantages, but its comparative advantage parameters are less than those competitive advantage. It indicates that horticulture farmers pay higher costs of inputs or receive lower price of their outputs than they have to. The fact shows that domestic horticulture products get difficulty in penetrating Singapore and Malaysia’ markets due to low quality, irregular supply, significant losses during transportation, and unfavorable domestic political circumstance. Strategy of horticulture agribusiness partnership institutions through satisfactory social process based on mutual interest will change comparative advantage into competitive advantage. IndonesianPerubahan lingkungan strategis seperti liberalisasi perdagangan, otonomi daerah, perubahan  preferensi konsumen, dan tuntutan terhadap kelestarian lingkungan, menuntut adanya perubahan cara beroperasinya kelembagaan kemitraan usaha agribisnis hortikultura. Tulisan ini membahas: (1) Konsep daya saing dan pentingnya kemitraan usaha; (2) Status daya saing komoditas hortikultura di beberapa sentra produksi di Indonesia; (3) Rumusan simpul-simpul kritis pengembangan kelembagaan kemitraan usaha yang berdaya saing; dan (4) Upaya untuk mewujudkan keunggulan komparatif menjadi keunggulan kompetitif melalui strategi kemitraan usaha. Secara umum komoditas hortikultura memiliki keunggulan komparatif dan sekaligus keunggulan kompetitif, namun parameter keunggulan komparatif lebih rendah dibandingkan keunggulan kompetitifnya.  Hal ini mengandung makna bahwa petani hortikultura membayar harga input produksi lebih tinggi dari yang seharusnya dan atau menerima harga output lebih rendah dari yang seharusnya.  Faktanya dewasa ini produk hortikultura tetap mengalami kesulitan untuk dapat bersaing dan akses terhadap pasar Singapura dan Malaysia karena masalah kualitas, kontinuitas pasokan, tingginya kerusakan dalam pengangkutan, serta kondisi sosial politik dalam negeri yang belum kondusif.  Srategi pengembangan kelembagaan kemitraan usaha agribisnis hortikultura melalui proses sosial yang matang dengan dasar saling percaya mempercayai di antara pelaku agribisnis diharapkan dapat membantu mewujudkan keunggulan komparatif yang dimiliki menjadi keunggulan bersaing.
Dinamika Program dan Kebijakan Peningkatan Produksi Padi Sri Wahyuni; Kurnia Suci Indraningsih
Forum penelitian Agro Ekonomi Vol 21, No 2 (2003): Forum Penelitian Agro Ekonomi
Publisher : Pusat Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/fae.v21n2.2003.143-156

Abstract

EnglishRice Production Enhancement Programs (P4) is consistently carried out by the government to meet domestic demand for rice. This paper describes dynamics of P4 implementation, namely their strengths and weaknesses. There were 11 programs launched, beginning with Central Rice Program (Padi Sentra) in 1958 up to Special Intensification (Insus) in 1979 with highest achievement of rice self sufficiency in 1984. Insus was improved in 1987 and it was then called as Supra Insus. In 1990 rice production was stagnant and rice import tended to enlarge. Rice Based Farming System with Agribusiness Orientation (SUTPA), Agribusiness Oriented Intensification (Inbis), and Self Reliance Movement on Rice, Corn, and Soybean (Gema Palagung) programs were introduced to anticipate changing domestic and international circumstances. El Nino took place when the programs were carried out triggering delay of harvest seasons and low production. At last, paradigm of agricultural development was improved through system development and agribusiness oriented, namely corporate farming as the starting point of on-going Integrated Crops and Resources Management (PTT) program. To induce the farmers nationwide to adopt technologies immediately the government copes with many constraints. It is suggested that the generated technologies are packed in sociodrama before disseminated intensively through various mass media, especially television.IndonesianUntuk mencukupi kebutuhan beras, pemerintah terus mengupayakan program peningkatan produksi padi (P4) melalui berbagai kebijakan. Tulisan ini mengemukakan dinamika P4 yang telah diimplementasikan dengan menganalisis kelemahan dan kekuatan suatu program. Tujuan penulisan untuk memperoleh opsi kebijakan P4 mendatang. Ada sebelas program yang telah diluncurkan, diawali dengan Program Padi Sentra (1958) hingga lahir Intensivikasi Khusus (1979) yang berhasil meraih swasembada beras (1984). Tahun 1987 Insus disempurnakan menjadi Supra Insus. Tahun 1990 produksi padi cenderung stagnan, import beras terus meningkat. Untuk merespon berbagai perubahan lingkungan internasional dan domesik diimplementasikan program Sistem Usahatani Berbasis Padi Berorientasi Agribisnis (SUTPA), Intensifikasi yang Berwawasan Agribisnis (Inbis) dan Gema Palagung. Saat program dalam implementasi terjadi El-Nino yang menyebabkan panen mundur dan produksi rendah. Akhirnya dilakukan pembenahan paradigma dalam pengembangan pertanian yaitu mutlak berbasis pengembangan sistem dan berorientasi agribisnis, yaitu usahatani korporasi yang selanjutnya menjadi dasar dalam program Pengelolaan Tanaman dan Sumberdaya Terpadu (PTT) yang sedang diuji. Selalu ditemukan kendala dalam menyebarluaskan teknologi yang telah dihasilkan dalam skala luas agar cepat diadopsi petani. Diusulkan agar teknologi yang telah dihasilkan dikemas dalam sosiodrama kemudian disebarluaskan secara intensif melalui berbagai media terutama televisi.
Revitalisasi Sistem Penyuluhan Pertanian dalam Perspektif Membangun Industrialisasi Pertanian Perdesaan Kurnia Suci Indraningsih; Tri Pranadji; nFN Sunarsih
Forum penelitian Agro Ekonomi Vol 31, No 2 (2013): Forum Penelitian Agro Ekonomi
Publisher : Pusat Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/fae.v31n2.2013.89-110

Abstract

EnglishExtension is an integral part of agricultural development in rural areas. Rural farming system is the basis of economic activity for improving rural community life. On the other hand, the existing agricultural system does not support the competitive rural economy.  Rural agriculture industrialization considers agricultural system as an integrated unity of agricultural industry business with high-value added outputs. This paper describes the factors as prerequisites for agricultural extension system revitalization. There are three prerequisites for the revitalization, namely: (i) extension institution and organization, (ii) extension implementation, and (ii) extension workers. In the Extension System Revitalization program implemented by the government is not aimed to support agricultural industry in rural areas. This program is focused on improving extension internal institution and not specifically aimed to enhance extension material disseminated to the farmers. Transformation towards rural agricultural industry is not achieved through the improvement of internal extension institution only, but also through innovation topics specifically designed for extension. It is necessary to improve agricultural extension institution aiming at establishing rural agriculture industry. IndonesianPenyuluhan merupakan bagian yang tidak dapat dipisahkan dari keseluruhan pembangunan pertanian di perdesaan. Sistem pertanian perdesaan diposisikan sebagai basis kegiatan ekonomi untuk peningkatan kualitas kehidupan masyarakat perdesaan. Sistem pertanian yang sedang berjalan belum menjamin terbangunnya perekonomian perdesaan yang berdaya saing tinggi. Industrialisasi pertanian perdesaan, melihat sistem pertanian di perdesaan sebagai satu kesatuan utuh dari sistem yang mencerminkan usaha industri pertanian, dengan keluaran (output) berupa produk akhir yang bernilai tambah tinggi, diharapkan dapat memperbaiki kondisi tersebut.  Tulisan ini memaparkan faktor-faktor yang menjadi prasyarat agar revitalisasi sistem penyuluhan pertanian  mampu  membangun industrialisasi pertanian perdesaan.  Terdapat tiga prasyarat agar revitalisasi sistem penyuluhan pertanian  mampu  membangun industrialisasi pertanian perdesaan: (1) Kelembagaan dan organisasi penyuluhan, (2)  Penyelenggaraan penyuluhan, dan (3)  Ketenagaan penyuluh. Dalam program Revitalisasi Sistem Penyuluhan yang dilaksanakan penyuluhan pertanian pemerintah belum secara tegas diarahkan untuk mendukung industri pertanian di perdesaan. Program ini masih menekankan pada perbaikan kelembagaan internal penyuluhan, dan belum secara khusus difokuskan untuk memperbaiki materi penyuluhan untuk petani. Transformasi ke arah industri pertanian perdesaan tidak semata-mata dapat ditempuh hanya melalui perbaikan kelembagaan internal penyuluhan, melainkan juga materi  inovasi (teknologi dan kelembagaan) yang seharusnya dirancang secara khusus. Untuk itu perlu perbaikan kelembagaan penyuluhan pertanian yang berorientasi pada terwujudnya sistem industri pertanian di perdesaan.
ANALISIS KELEMBAGAAN KEMITRAAN USAHA DI SENTRA SENTRA PRODUKSI SAYURAN (SUATU KAJIAN ATAS KASUS KELEMBAGAAN KEMITRAAN USAHA DI BALI, SUMATERA UTARA, DAN JAWA BARAT) SAPTANA -; KURNIA SUCI INDRANINGSIH; ENDANG L. HASTUTI
SOCA: Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian Vol. 7, No. 3 November 2007
Publisher : Program Studi Agribisnis, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Udayana Jalan PB.Sudirman Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. Telp: (0361) 223544 Email: soca@unud.ac.id

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Abstract

ABSTRACT Economy globalization and commerce liberalization the competition of rivalization and integration of commodity market, that requires the change of operational method of stakeholder system of vegetable business. This research was aimed to analyze the comparation of system process among stakeholder business, in order to formulize the model of stakeholder system of vegetable business which compitable. The system of stakeholder business which exist and on going in the overall locations are: General Trade Pattern, Marketing Contract Pattern, Nucleus Estate Smallholder Pattern, Agribusiness Operational Cooperation Pattern, Seedling Credit and Supervision Pattern, Cooperation on Development of Agribusiness Sub Terminal, Cooperation on capital preparation of Multi Business, Village Credit System, Credit Union, and Banking Systems. The affectivity of business stakeholder system on vegetable commodity in production central area have not shown the optimum working effort yet, due to the weakness of commitment among those who involve in the cooperation, lack of open management, there was no market and price guarantee of all vegetable commodities, as well as lack of supply guarantee for supplier or stakeholder company important. Policy implication of the condition above were the necessary to build the stakeholder system of vegetable business which needed, strengthening, and profitable among each other. Keywords: Institution, Business Stakeholder, Central Production, Vegetable ABSTRAK Globalisasi ekonomi dan liberalisasi perdagangan mendorong terjadinya persaingan yang semakin kompetitif serta pasar komoditas yang terintegrasi, sehingga menuntut adanya perubahan cara beroperasinya kelembagaan-kemitraan usaha sayuran. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk menganalisis pola, aturan main dan pola interaksi antar kelembagaan, serta analisis perbandingan kinerja kelembagaan antar kemitraan usaha, sehingga dapat dirumuskan model kelembagaan kemitraan usaha komoditas sayuran yang berdayasaing. Kelembagaan kemitraan usaha yang eksis dan sedang berjalan di seluruh lokasi antara lain adalah : Pola Dagang Umum, Pola Kontrak Pemasaran, Pola Inti-Plasma, Pola Kerjasama Operasional Agribisnis, Pola Pembinaan dan Kredit Bibit, Kerjasama dalam rangka pengembangan Sub Terminal Agribisnis (STA), Kerjasama dalam penyediaan modal Koperasi Serba Usaha (KSU), Lembaga Perkreditan Desa (LPD), Credit Union dan lembaga perbankan. Efektivitas kelembagaan kemitraan usaha pada komoditas sayuran di daerah sentra produksi belum menunjukkan kinerja yang optimal karena lemahnya komitmen antara pihak-pihak yang bermitra, manajemen yang kurang transparan, belum adanya jaminan pasar dan harga pada semua komoditas sayuran serta kurang adanya jaminan pasokan bagi supplier atau perusahaan mitra. Implikasi kebijakan penting dari kondisi di atas adalah pentingnya membangun kelembagaan kemitraan usaha komoditas sayuran yang dapat saling membutuhkan, memperkuat dan saling menguntungkan. Kata Kunci: Kelembagaan, Kemitraan Usaha, Sentra Produksi, Sayuran
PERSPEKTIF PENGEMBANGAN INDUSTRI GULA DI INDONESIA KURNIA SUCI INDRANINGSIH; A. HUSNI MALIAN
SOCA: Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian Vol. 6, No. 1 Februari 2006
Publisher : Program Studi Agribisnis, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Udayana Jalan PB.Sudirman Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. Telp: (0361) 223544 Email: soca@unud.ac.id

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Abstract

Sugar cane planted-area in Java is limited and supply of raw material forsugar companies (PG) is possible through improvement of sugar cane productivityand sugar content. It is necessary to implement individual sugar content or minimalsugar content guarantee between farmers’ group and PG’s management. PGexpansion to uotside Java (Sumatera, Sulawesi, Maluku and Papua) is urgent, at least15 new PG, in order to lessen dependence on sugar production from Java Island. PGlocated outside Java are designed not to produce sugar only, but also to makederivative products such as ethanol, alcohol, etc. Revitalizing research anddevelopment activities is necessary to generate new technology.
STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN MODEL KELEMBAGAAN KEMITRAAN AGRIBISNIS HORTIKULTURA DI BALI KURNIA SUCI INDRANINGSIH; ASHARI -; SUPENA FRIYATNO
SOCA: Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian Vol. 8, No. 2 Juli 2008
Publisher : Program Studi Agribisnis, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Udayana Jalan PB.Sudirman Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. Telp: (0361) 223544 Email: soca@unud.ac.id

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Abstract

The role of horticulture commodities is very importance to enhance the growth ofagriculture sector, and its elasticity causes the changing of income. To fill the marketdemand and consumer preference, the constrains related to efficiency, productivity, andquality of horticulture commodities should be attended seriously and to be as priorityefforts. The solution to achieve those conditions is creating the partnership institution thatfarmers and other stakeholders can take benefit for each other and practice a good qualitymanagement. Bali province is one of famous region in Indonesia which has a high-marketdemand on horticulture commodities. The study aim to present identification results ofpartnership pattern, constrain, and it’s potency in Bali. Further, the formulation ofalternative partnership models instead of existing partnership models also will bediscussed. The result showed that generally, partnership pattern have been existing in Balii.e.: plasm-nucleus model, agribusiness operational cooperative, farmers–sub terminalagribusiness (STA) cooperative and reguler trading. The efforts to improve agribusinesspartnership model can be implemented through: (1) developing horticulture farmersassociation, (2) increasing market service information, (3) pushing the role of fieldextension worker, (4) building the vertical communication networking among agribusinessactors, (5) improving the Sub Terminal Agribusiness infrastructure, and (6) empoweringthe financial institution.
ANALISIS PREFERENSI PETANI TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK TEKNOLOGI PADI LADANG (KASUS DI KABUPATEN LAMPUNG TENGAH DAN LAMPUNG SELATAN, PROPINSI LAMPUNG) KURNIA SUCI INDRANINGSIH; WAHYUNING K. SEJATI; SRI WAHYUNI
SOCA: Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian Vol. 5, No. 1 Februari 2005
Publisher : Program Studi Agribisnis, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Udayana Jalan PB.Sudirman Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. Telp: (0361) 223544 Email: soca@unud.ac.id

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Abstract

Rice is important role as Indonesian main food. It takes share 25-30% fromtotal household expenses. But, government programs still can’t fulfill farmers’ need,because the dissemination of the program is still using delivery system approach.Effort to fulfill the needs is by an acquisition system that pointed toward farmers tolook for technology from the information source. The main characteristic of thissystem are: (1) bottom up approach, (2) horizontal hierarchy, and (3) participated andinteractive technology transfer. This paper aims to explain: (1) technologyclassification used by farmers; (2) Farmers’ preference and reason to chooseappropriate technology, according to technique, economic, social-culture, andsustainable aspects; and (3) technology characteristic used by farmer to optimize theachieved production and productivity. The results of this study indicated that thelocal and adaptive technology used by farmers was conducted by cultured approach.Technology applied by farmers can be classified: (1) local technology (39-77%),adaptive technology (20-23%); and advanced technology (3-38%). The priority scaleof rice technology criteria preferred by farmers was economic (0.33), sustain (0.32),technique (0.23) and social-culture (0.12). Component technology prioritized wasfertilization, disease protection, and post harvest, with priority scale of eachcomponent 0.24; 0.19; and 0.13. This study was also recommended that to increaserice production, “embung” technology could be introduced to the farmers, besidesorganic farming must be encouraged. Applied technology is gained based onphilosophy, tradition, and other social aspect, which becomes farmer’s motivator.
ANALISIS HUBUNGAN ANTARA KARAKTERISTIK USAHA DENGAN KEEFEKTIFAN JARINGAN KOMUNIKASI AGRIBISNIS IKAN HIAS (KASUS DI KABUPATEN BOGOR, JAWA BARAT) KURNIA SUCI INDRANINGSIH
SOCA: Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian Vol. 4, No. 2 Juli 2004
Publisher : Program Studi Agribisnis, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Udayana Jalan PB.Sudirman Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. Telp: (0361) 223544 Email: soca@unud.ac.id

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Abstract

The research was designed to comprehend the effectiveness of agribusinesscommunication network of ornamental fish farmers, and correlations of businesscharacteristics to effectiveness of agribusiness communication network. This research wasconducted in July-August, 2001 in sub-districts Ciampea and Parung, Bogor, West Java. Sixtyfarmers were randomly sampled during the survey. The Tau-b Kendall (?) correlationstatistics was used in the data analyses. The results indicated that agribusiness communicationnetwork was not effective, effective only at business aspect. The laborer, and input ownershipwere related to effectiveness of agribusiness communication network.
Profil dan Masalah Pengembangan Perikanan Laut Skala Kecil di Jawa Timur dan Maluku Victor T. Manurung; Kurnia Suci Indraningsih
Forum penelitian Agro Ekonomi Vol 13, No 1 (1995): Forum Penelitian Agro Ekonomi
Publisher : Pusat Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/fae.v13n1.1995.71-83

Abstract

IndonesianJawa Timur dan Maluku merupakan sentra produksi ikan di Indonesia yang kondisinya berbeda. Jawa Timur merupakan sentra produksi, dimana sumberdaya perikanan telah dieksploitasi secara intensif, sedangkan Maluku merupakan sentra produksi yang sumberdayanya lebih tinggi dan belum dieksploitasi secara intensif. Dalam periode 1987 - 1992 laju pertumbuhan produktivitas nelayan di Maluku lebih tinggi daripada di Jawa Timur. Di Jawa Timur, sebagian besar produksi diolah secara tradisional, sedangkan di Maluku, sebagian besar dijual dalam bentuk segar. Daerah pemasaran produksi perikanan di Jawa Timur jauh lebih luas daripada produk Maluku. Pemasaran merupakan kendala utama perkembangan perikanan di daerah Maluku. Perkembangan perikanan rakyat berjalan dengan lambat dan tidak seimbang antar subsistem yang terkait. Oleh sebab itu, pembangunan perikanan dengan pendekatan terintegrasi merupakan keharusan, tentu dengan penggunaan teknologi yang lebih maju.
Co-Authors A. Husni Malian ASHARI - ENDANG L. HASTUTI Maesti Mardiharini nFN Ashari nFN Saptana nFN Saptana nFN Sunarsih SAPTANA - Sri Wahyuni Supena Friyatno Tri Pranadji Victor T. Manurung WAHYUNING K. SEJATI