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Optimation of Î²-mannanase production on submerged culture of Eupenicillium javanicum as well as pH and temperature enzyme characterizations Purwadaria, T; Haryati, T; Frederick, E; Tangendjaja, B
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 8, No 1 (2003)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Two successive experiments were conducted to determine the optimal substrate concentration of coconut meal (CM) and incubation time for production of Î²-mannanase from Eupenicillium javanicum. Both experiments were designed based on factorial. In the first experiment, the main factor was substrate concentration of 1, 2, and 3%, while the sub-factor was incubation time of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 days. The two factors were interacted highly significantly (P<0.01). Since the highest Î²- mannanase activity, protein concentration and saccharification activity towards coconut meal were obtained from 3% CM after five day incubation time (P<0.05), the second experiment was designed for higher substrate concentration. The main factor was also substrate concentration of 3, 4 and 5%, while the sub factor was incubation time of 5 and 6 days. The two factors were also interacted highly significantly (P<0.01) for mannanase activity and protein concentration, while specific activity was not significantly different (P>0.05). The best activity was obtained at 4% of coconut meal for five day incubation time, which was not significantly different with that of 3% at the same incubation time. Therefore, it was concluded from both experiments that the best enzyme production was obtained from 3% of coconut meal at incubation time of 5 days. Then, further experiments show that the enzyme had optimum pH at the range of 5.4-5.8, the same pH range in duodenum, while at pH 4.5 the activity was relatively low. Although, at pH 4.5 the enzyme activity was reduced, the enzyme was still active for four hours. At pH 5.8 and 6.5 the enzyme was quite stable. The optimum temperature of the enzyme was at 500C, higher than the body temperature of most poultry (400C). The reduction of enzyme activity at 400C could be overcome by increasing the enzyme concentration. The enzyme was stable after 4 hour incubation at 28 (room temperature) and 400C, however, the enzyme activity was considerably reduced at temperature of 900C after 60 second incubation. In the poultry digestion system the activity is not affected by temperature, but in the pelleting process where the steam temperature approximately 900C has to be limited for not more than 30 seconds. Â Key words: Coconut meal, Î²-mannanase, Eupenicillium javanicum, pH and temperature characterization

Broiler performance fed jatropha curcas seed meal detoxified by fermentation, physic and chemical treatments Wina, Elizabeth; Tangendjaja, B; Pasaribu, T; Purwadaria, T
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 15, No 3 (2010)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Utilization of jatropha seed meal as a feed ingredient is limited by the presence of several anti nutritive and toxic compounds in the seed meal. The aim of this research is to evaluate feeding of jatropha seed meal detoxified using fermentation by two fungi and rumen microbes (as biological detoxification) and using a combination of chemical and physical treatments on broiler performance. One hundred seventy five chicks (7 days old) were used and were divided into 5 treatments in 7 replications and each replication in one cage consisted of 5 chicks. R1 was control feed (K) without jatropha seed meal., 2) R2 was feed with 4% of Jatropha seed meal fermented by Neurosphora sitophila (FNS), R3 was feed with 4% of Jatropha seed meal fermented by Aspergillus oryzae (FAS), R4 was feed with 4% of Jatropha seed meal fermented by rumen microbes and R5 with 4% of Jatropha seed meal treated by autoclaved, refluxed by hexane and soaked in methanol (OEHM). Treated feed was given for 14 days at the end of the feeding treatment, two chickens from each replication were slaughtered and organ weights were recorded.Â Body weight of chicken and feed conversion ratio were calculated. The rest of the chicken was fed commercial feed for the next 7 days (recovery periode).Â Chicken mortality was almost 0% but 1 chicken from FAS treatment died at the recovery period. Feed consumption was lower at fermented jatropha seed meal than control (K) or OEHM, resulted in lower body weight of chicken. The abdomen fat weight and organ weights especially pancreas or spleen resulted from treatment with jatropha were much lower than that of K. In the recovery period, body weight of chicken in the OEHM treatment was almost similar from that of control chicken. In conclusion, biological detoxification on BBJ was able to reduce chicken mortality but could not improve the daily gain higher than control treatment. The best method to detoxify jatropha seed meal was the combination of physical and chemical treatment (using autoclave, followed by hexane and methanol extractions). Key Words: Broilers, Jatropha Seed Meal, Detoxification, Fermentation

Improving microbial protein synthesis in the rumen of sheep fed fresh tofu waste by crude tannin extract of Acacia mangium Wina, Elizabeth; Yulistiani, D; IWR, Susana; Tangendjaja, B
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 17, No 3 (2012)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Tannin can be found in many tropical plants and the presence of tannin may reduce the nutritional value of feed. However, it can give beneficial effect as it protects the protein from its excessive degradation in the rumen. Tofu waste is abundant in a country, including Indonesia, where tofu is produced widely. A feeding trial on sheep to study the effect of tannin on microbial protein synthesis and condition of rumen fermentation, digestibility and N retention of feed containing tofu waste was conducted. Fifteen sheep were allocated to one of 3 treatments, i.e: 1) control treatment, feed without tannin, 2) feed + tannin treatment and 3) feed + tannin + polyethylene glycol (PEG) treatment. The sheep was placed in the individual metabolism cage. They were fed with treatment feed for 14 days and then, the following 7 days, faeces and urine were collected. At the end of the treatment, rumen fluid was taken from each sheep before and after feeding. Rumen parameter (pH, ammonia, SCFA, protozoa) and microbial protein synthesis, digestibility, nitrogen retention were observed. Results showed that inclusion of 4% tannin in the feed depressed ammonia production in the rumen of sheep before and 3 hours after morning feeding. Total SCFA and individual SCFA were not different among treatments. Tannin did not affect daily feed intake. Tannin lowered the dry matter, organic matter and protein digestibilities but it significantly reduced ADF digestibility (P < 0.05) and tended to reduce NDF digestibility (P < 0.1). However, tannin increased the microbial protein synthesis. PEG addition was expected to bind tannin and alleviate the negative effect of tannin. Key Words: Tannin, Acacia Mangium, Polyethylene Glycol, Tofu waste, Digestibility

Biological Activity of Tannins from Acacia mangium Bark Extracted by Different Solvents E Wina; Susana I W.R; B Tangendjaja
Media Peternakan Vol. 33 No. 2 (2010): Media Peternakan
Publisher : Faculty of Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University

Acacia mangium bark is abundant byproduct of wood industry in Indonesia. It is underutilized and mainly used as fire wood for the wood industry. The bark contains high level of tannin but the tannin has not been extracted or produced commercially. Tannin isolate can be used for several purposes such as tanning agent for leather, adhesive for plywood or particle board, etc. In ruminant, tannin can be detrimental but can also be beneficial. This experiment was aimed of getting the highest yield of tannin extract with the highest biological activity in rumen fermentation. Nine different solvents at different temperatures were used to extract tannin from A. mangium bark. The extracts were analyzed for their tannin contents and biological activities. Tannin content was analyzed using folin ciocalteau and butanol-HCl methods. Biological activity was described as a percentage of an increase in gas production in the in vitro rumen-buffer fermentation, with and without addition of PEG. The results show that Na2SO3 solution extracted more tannin than other solutions and the higher the concentration of Na2SO3 solution, the higher the yield of tannin extract. The solution of 6% sodium sulphite gave the highest yield of tannin extract (31.2% of original bark sample) and the highest concentration of tannin (18.26%) but produced a negative effect on in vitro fermentation (% increase of gas production = 2.70%). Extraction with 50% acetone gave a high yield of extract (22.28% of original bark) which contained 12.98% of tannin and showed the highest biological response (% increase of gas production = 216%). In conclusion, sodium sulphite solution is not recommended for tannin extraction if the tannin will be used as feed additive in ruminant feed; on the other hand, the aqueous acetone (50% acetone) solution is a better choice to be used.

Feeding Value of Low and High Protein Dried Distillers Grains and Corn Gluten Meal for Layer B Tangendjaja; E Wina
Media Peternakan Vol. 34 No. 2 (2011): Media Peternakan
Publisher : Faculty of Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University

A feeding trial has been conducted to compare feeding value of low and high protein dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS), and corn gluten meal (CGM) to brown layer in the tropics. Both types of DDGS was included at level 0%, 4%, 8%, 12%, and 16% in the diet while CGM was included at 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% in similar content of metabolizable energy (ME) value (2650 kcal/kg) and protein (17%). Each dietary treatment was fed to 4 birds in individual wire cage and replicated 5 times. The trial was performed for 10 weeks and egg production, egg weight, feed intake was measured. At the end of feeding period, manure was collected and analyzed for moisture content while samples of eggs were measured for yolk color and the yolk was analyzed for xanthophyll level. Result showed that feeding Lopro DDGS, Hipro DDGS, and CGM did not affect egg production (egg mass, egg number, and egg weight), however, feeding DDGS resulted in less feed intake (111 g/day) compared to feeding CGM (114 g/day). Feeding DDGS up to 16% did not affect egg production and similar to feeding CGM up to 8%. Feeding high level of DDGS or CGM did not significantly affect the moisture content of excreta which were between 78.1%-81.9%. Increasing levels of DDGS or CGM increased yolk color score related to the higher level of xanthophylls content in egg yolk. The coloring ability of CGM to egg yolk was higher than that of DDGS. In conclusion, DDGS can be fed to layer up to 16% without affecting egg production while CGM can be fed up to 8% in the diet. DDGS can be used as source of yellow pigment for egg yolk as also found in CGM.

Improving microbial protein synthesis in the rumen of sheep fed fresh tofu waste by crude tannin extract of Acacia mangium Elizabeth Wina; D Yulistiani; Susana IWR; B Tangendjaja
Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner Vol 17, No 3 (2012): SEPTEMBER 2012
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development (ICARD)

Tannin can be found in many tropical plants and the presence of tannin may reduce the nutritional value of feed. However, it can give beneficial effect as it protects the protein from its excessive degradation in the rumen. Tofu waste is abundant in a country, including Indonesia, where tofu is produced widely. A feeding trial on sheep to study the effect of tannin on microbial protein synthesis and condition of rumen fermentation, digestibility and N retention of feed containing tofu waste was conducted. Fifteen sheep were allocated to one of 3 treatments, i.e: 1) control treatment, feed without tannin, 2) feed + tannin treatment and 3) feed + tannin + polyethylene glycol (PEG) treatment. The sheep was placed in the individual metabolism cage. They were fed with treatment feed for 14 days and then, the following 7 days, faeces and urine were collected. At the end of the treatment, rumen fluid was taken from each sheep before and after feeding. Rumen parameter (pH, ammonia, SCFA, protozoa) and microbial protein synthesis, digestibility, nitrogen retention were observed. Results showed that inclusion of 4% tannin in the feed depressed ammonia production in the rumen of sheep before and 3 hours after morning feeding. Total SCFA and individual SCFA were not different among treatments. Tannin did not affect daily feed intake. Tannin lowered the dry matter, organic matter and protein digestibilities but it significantly reduced ADF digestibility (P < 0.05) and tended to reduce NDF digestibility (P < 0.1). However, tannin increased the microbial protein synthesis. PEG addition was expected to bind tannin and alleviate the negative effect of tannin. Key Words: Tannin, Acacia Mangium, Polyethylene Glycol, Tofu waste, Digestibility

Optimation of β-mannanase production on submerged culture of Eupenicillium javanicum as well as pH and temperature enzyme characterizations T Purwadaria; T Haryati; E Frederick; B Tangendjaja
Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner Vol 8, No 1 (2003): MARCH 2003
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development (ICARD)

Two successive experiments were conducted to determine the optimal substrate concentration of coconut meal (CM) and incubation time for production of β-mannanase from Eupenicillium javanicum. Both experiments were designed based on factorial. In the first experiment, the main factor was substrate concentration of 1, 2, and 3%, while the sub-factor was incubation time of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 days. The two factors were interacted highly significantly (P<0.01). Since the highest β- mannanase activity, protein concentration and saccharification activity towards coconut meal were obtained from 3% CM after five day incubation time (P<0.05), the second experiment was designed for higher substrate concentration. The main factor was also substrate concentration of 3, 4 and 5%, while the sub factor was incubation time of 5 and 6 days. The two factors were also interacted highly significantly (P<0.01) for mannanase activity and protein concentration, while specific activity was not significantly different (P>0.05). The best activity was obtained at 4% of coconut meal for five day incubation time, which was not significantly different with that of 3% at the same incubation time. Therefore, it was concluded from both experiments that the best enzyme production was obtained from 3% of coconut meal at incubation time of 5 days. Then, further experiments show that the enzyme had optimum pH at the range of 5.4-5.8, the same pH range in duodenum, while at pH 4.5 the activity was relatively low. Although, at pH 4.5 the enzyme activity was reduced, the enzyme was still active for four hours. At pH 5.8 and 6.5 the enzyme was quite stable. The optimum temperature of the enzyme was at 500C, higher than the body temperature of most poultry (400C). The reduction of enzyme activity at 400C could be overcome by increasing the enzyme concentration. The enzyme was stable after 4 hour incubation at 28 (room temperature) and 400C, however, the enzyme activity was considerably reduced at temperature of 900C after 60 second incubation. In the poultry digestion system the activity is not affected by temperature, but in the pelleting process where the steam temperature approximately 900C has to be limited for not more than 30 seconds. Key words: Coconut meal, β-mannanase, Eupenicillium javanicum, pH and temperature characterization

Broiler performance fed jatropha curcas seed meal detoxified by fermentation, physic and chemical treatments Elizabeth Wina; B Tangendjaja; T Pasaribu; T Purwadaria
Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner Vol 15, No 3 (2010): SEPTEMBER 2010
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development (ICARD)

Utilization of jatropha seed meal as a feed ingredient is limited by the presence of several anti nutritive and toxic compounds in the seed meal. The aim of this research is to evaluate feeding of jatropha seed meal detoxified using fermentation by two fungi and rumen microbes (as biological detoxification) and using a combination of chemical and physical treatments on broiler performance. One hundred seventy five chicks (7 days old) were used and were divided into 5 treatments in 7 replications and each replication in one cage consisted of 5 chicks. R1 was control feed (K) without jatropha seed meal., 2) R2 was feed with 4% of Jatropha seed meal fermented by Neurosphora sitophila (FNS), R3 was feed with 4% of Jatropha seed meal fermented by Aspergillus oryzae (FAS), R4 was feed with 4% of Jatropha seed meal fermented by rumen microbes and R5 with 4% of Jatropha seed meal treated by autoclaved, refluxed by hexane and soaked in methanol (OEHM). Treated feed was given for 14 days at the end of the feeding treatment, two chickens from each replication were slaughtered and organ weights were recorded. Body weight of chicken and feed conversion ratio were calculated. The rest of the chicken was fed commercial feed for the next 7 days (recovery periode). Chicken mortality was almost 0% but 1 chicken from FAS treatment died at the recovery period. Feed consumption was lower at fermented jatropha seed meal than control (K) or OEHM, resulted in lower body weight of chicken. The abdomen fat weight and organ weights especially pancreas or spleen resulted from treatment with jatropha were much lower than that of K. In the recovery period, body weight of chicken in the OEHM treatment was almost similar from that of control chicken. In conclusion, biological detoxification on BBJ was able to reduce chicken mortality but could not improve the daily gain higher than control treatment. The best method to detoxify jatropha seed meal was the combination of physical and chemical treatment (using autoclave, followed by hexane and methanol extractions). Key Words: Broilers, Jatropha Seed Meal, Detoxification, Fermentation

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