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The Relation between Christianity and Colonialism in Ngugi Wa Thiongâ€™oâ€™s The River Between Iskarna, Tatang
Journal of Language and Literature Vol 18, No 2 (2018): October
Publisher : Universitas Sanata Dharma

This article is aimed at describing how the relation between Christianity and colonialism is constructed in The River Between (1965), a novel by Ngugi wa Thiongâ€™o. Using postcolonial approach focusing on the analysis of the characters and conflicts, this study reveals the mutual relation between Christianity and colonialism. Christianity becomes the ideological apparatus to build a colonial myth, doctrine, or perspective, while Christian missionaries gain the colonizersâ€™ support from the colonial administrators. Their antagonistic relation can be explored through the nativesâ€™ re-reading of the Bible to review the colonialism and get rid of the colonial bondage. As postcolonial literature, The River Between offers counter-discourse against colonialism. However, some parts of the text are still slipped in the colonial hegemony.Keywords: Christianity, colonialism, postcolonialism, ideological apparatus, counter-discourseÂ

The predicament of Turkish modern identity: The east-west oscillation in Snow Brameswari, Catharina; Iskarna, Tatang
Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Vol 21, No 2 (2021): OKTOBER 2021
Publisher : Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.17509/bs_jpbsp.v21i2.44629

This research uses Orhan Pamukâ€™s Snow in order to reveal the tension and oscillation between the East and the West which is represented by Ataturkâ€™s forced modernization on the restriction of veils in schools and public places. Pamuk uses Kars, a small city in Turkeyâ€™s border which always coved by snow, to describe this tension. The women are presented as the oppressed who silently end their life as their way to protect their beliefs and tradition as well as the weapon to fight against the oppressor. To dismantle Pamukâ€™s work that highlights the endless oscillation, I employ the method of library research by presenting the internal struggle experienced by the main characters that are forced to embrace Western tradition. This research deals with two issues namely oscillation and complex desire to imitate the Others experienced by the main characters the as well as the solutions to the predicament that are offered by Pamuk in Snow. This research is also accompanied by Saidâ€™s Orientalism and Bhabhaâ€™s Postcolonialism that are employed to illuminate the solutions. Additionally, the information on Turkeyâ€™s history and socio-politic condition are presented. This research is a way to show how the oscillation can be solved by embracing one culture without leaving the other. Additionally, it is also a tool to raise the readersâ€™ awareness towards the problem on the predicament of the East and West and develop their critical thinking towards the forced modernity by the oppressor.

The Relation between Christianity and Colonialism in Ngugi Wa Thiongos The River Between Tatang Iskarna
Journal of Language and Literature Vol 18, No 2 (2018): October
Publisher : Universitas Sanata Dharma

This article is aimed at describing how the relation between Christianity and colonialism is constructed in The River Between (1965), a novel by Ngugi wa Thiongo. Using postcolonial approach focusing on the analysis of the characters and conflicts, this study reveals the mutual relation between Christianity and colonialism. Christianity becomes the ideological apparatus to build a colonial myth, doctrine, or perspective, while Christian missionaries gain the colonizers support from the colonial administrators. Their antagonistic relation can be explored through the natives re-reading of the Bible to review the colonialism and get rid of the colonial bondage. As postcolonial literature, The River Between offers counter-discourse against colonialism. However, some parts of the text are still slipped in the colonial hegemony.Keywords: Christianity, colonialism, postcolonialism, ideological apparatus, counter-discourse

Redefining of the concept of a migrant housemaid in Ali's Minah Tetap Dipancung Tatang Iskarna
Diksi Vol 30, No 1: DIKSI MARET 2022
Publisher : Faculty of Languages and Arts, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21831/diksi.v30i1.46683

This article explores diasporic problems faced by an Indonesian migrant housemaid working in Saudi Arabia, presented in Denny J. Ali's essay poem "Minah Tetap Dipancung" or "Minah is determined to be beheaded" (2012). This article uses diasporic literary criticism and poetry explication to reveal her tricky situation, struggle against oppression, and voice of hope concerning her profession. The analysis shows that Minah experiences disillusionment. She is oppressed, abused, and alienated because of the cultural barrier. However, Minah resists class and gender-based subjugation. Although she is helpless and determined to face the death sentence, she stands for her dignity. This poem also voices the need to redefine the concept of a migrant housemaid. Government and migrant worker stakeholders should set political will for improving the condition of migrant woman workers, especially legal protection, advocacy, and treatment as professional workers free from cultural bias in the destination country. A migrant housemaid is not merely an informal and private worker that the employer can treat as property arbitrarily. This poem advocates redefining her as a professional worker viewed from a broader cultural perspective, protected before the law, and provided with appropriate rights and advocacy. Keywords: migrant worker, diasporic problems, diasporic literary criticism, class-gender subjugation

Alam dalam Perspektif Natives dan New Settlers: Kajian Ekokritik Puisi Monolog Bumi Terjarah dan We Are Going Tatang Iskarna; Catharina Brameswari; Epata Puji Astuti
Sintesis Vol 14, No 1 (2020)
Publisher : Universitas Sanata Dharma

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24071/sin.v14i1.2529

Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan pandangan dan sikap penduduk asli (natives) Papua dan Aborigin dan para pendatang baru (new settlers) yang menempati tanah Papua dan Australia terhadap alam dalam puisi Monolog Bumi Terjarah karya Alex Giyai (Papua) dan We Are Going karya Oodgeroo Noonuccal (Aborigin). Pendekatan ekokritik digunakan untuk menganalisis pandangan dan sikap mereka. Orang Papua dan Aborigin memandang alam sebagai entitas yang menyatu dengan mereka dalam relasi religio-magis, sedangkan para pendatang baru memandang alam sebagai komoditas ekonomi yang potensial untuk dieksploitasi demi menghasilkan keuntungan. Melalui dua pandangan tersebut, kedua puisi ini memberikan edukasi dan advokasi tentang pentingnya pelestarian alam dan kritik terhadap perusakan lingkungan.

KOMPLEKSITAS POSKOLONIAL DALAM PUISI “NYANYIAN LAWINO” KARYA OKOT P’BITEK Tatang Iskarna
Adabiyyāt: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra Vol 10, No 2 (2011)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University Yogyakarta

This article discusses how an African woman faces the postcolonial complexity as presented in the poem “Song of Lawino” (1966), written by Okot p’Bitek, an Uganda writer. The postcolonial complexity here means the difficult situation of decolonizing process as a result of a cultural clash between local African and Western culture, which has been internalized by some African people. The internalization of the Western culture creates self-hatred racism of African people, political group dispute, woman oppression, and mimicry. Using postcolonial perspective, which is proposed by Franz Fanon, Aime Caesar, and Homi K. Bhaba, the writer analyzes how this poem portrays three phenomena of postcolonial complexity. This postcolonial complexity is investigated through the conflict and the characters in the poem.

The Effects of Colonialism toward the Timorese as depicted in Nesi’s Orang-Orang Oetimu Catharina Brameswari; Tatang Iskarna; Monica Angela Nadine Titaley
Journal of Language and Literature Vol 22, No 1 (2022): APRIL
Publisher : Universitas Sanata Dharma

This research scrutinizes the effects of colonialism toward the Timorese in Oetimu as depicted in the novel of Orang-Orang Oetimu by Felix K. Nesi. From the perspective of postcolonial criticism, the combination of the invasion of the Portuguese, Japanese, and Indonesian in East Timor leaves changes in social structure and relations among the Timorese. This study aims to unveil from postcolonial view, especially Said, Gandhi, Foulcer and Day, the destructive cultural and social effect, clash of local parties, and hidden colonial power which still exists in the Timorese society. Colonialism in East Timor operated by Portuguese, Japan, and Indonesia brought about physical, social, and cultural conflicts. Portuguese colonialism impacted on the socio-political friction among Timorese and destructive vanishing of their culture. Japanese colonialism left trauma amongst them as physical oppression was often used to have domination over the people. Indonesian invasion also resulted in horizontal conflicts amongst the Timorese. Violence and corrupt culture became new perspective in solving the problems. Presenting the colonial conflicts and destructive cultural effects, the novel voices postcolonial discourse that the effect of colonialism can last long and its ideology of binary opposition and cultural justification of domination in the name of civilization can be reproduced.

Alternative Models of Electronic Literary Criticism: Intermedial and Ergodic Tatang Iskarna
Journal of Language and Literature Vol 23, No 1 (2023): April
Publisher : Universitas Sanata Dharma

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24071/joll.v23i1.5946

Electronic literature, known as cyber or digital literature, has elicited negative and favourable responses. Negative reactions centre on disagreements regarding its definition and the author's quality and authenticity. Positive reflexes include its rapid and massive distribution, publication, and subversion against the dominant establishment of printed literature. Its open space for creativity due to the addition of multimedia and its intensive interaction between writers and readers also become beneficial values. Despite the negative and favourable backlash, electronic literary criticism development has not yet been widely discussed. Electronic academic critique models are rarely debated due to a lack of consensus on their definitions, interdisciplinarity, and technological obstacles. This article attempts to propose alternate models for electronic literary criticism, viewing it as a new genre. This literary analysis offers alternatives based on its significant elements: technology (platform), immersive experience and interactivity (the reader’s involvement), literary work (various electronic types), and accessibility (wide range of readers). Considering that electronic literature combines literature, technology, and digital media to interpret works and investigate the relationships between technology, authorship, and readership, its criticism needs to broaden its area which includes technology. Intermedial and ergodic criticism can be the alternatives to approach this new genre.

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