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Pengaruh Kadar High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) dan Usia terhadap Kejadian Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) Daniel Ruslim; Edwin Destra; Joshua Kurniawan; Yohanes Firmansyah
Termometer: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Kesehatan dan Kedokteran Vol. 1 No. 3 (2023): Juli : Termometer: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Kesehatan dan Kedokteran
Publisher : Politeknik Pratama Purwokerto

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55606/termometer.v1i3.2059

Abstract

Peripheral arterial disease is a disease that will cause circulatory problem, causing reduction of blood flow inside the artery. This disease approximately has by 6.5 million people above 40 years of age in the United State, and is expected to double with each decade. There are many risk factors for this disease, which includes dyslipidemia and age. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is one of the lipid component that affects dyslipidemia. This study aims to find out the effects of HDL and age to peripheral arterial disease incidence. The study was done in Yayasan Kalam Kudus, Jakarta on 02 June 2023, with the sample of people aged 18-60 years old, with non-randomized consecutive sampling method. The exclusion criteria on this study are respondents who refused to participate in the study, respondents who are amputated, respondents who has ulcer on the foot, and respondents with ankle-branchial index (ABI) above 1,3. The analysis done in this study are descriptive analysis as in proportion and distribution of centralized data, and analytic analysis using independent T-test and Mann Whitney test as an alternative test, with significance value of 5% (p-value = <0.05). Normality test was done before statistical analysis. From the study, we found out that age is significant role statistically in the incidence of peripheral arterial disease (p-value: 0.028), but levels of HDL are not statistically significant with the incidence of peripheral arterial disease (p-value: 0.084).
Gambaran Diferensiasi dan Stadium Karsinoma Kolorektal Welly Hartono Ruslim; Edwin Destra; William Gilbert Satyanegara; Yohanes Firmansyah
Termometer: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Kesehatan dan Kedokteran Vol. 1 No. 3 (2023): Juli : Termometer: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Kesehatan dan Kedokteran
Publisher : Politeknik Pratama Purwokerto

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55606/termometer.v1i3.2104

Abstract

Introduction: The third most common type of cancer and the second biggest killer of both men and women is colorectal cancer. Asia and Indonesia are two regions where this carcinoma is an issue. Purpose: To known distribution of gender, primary cancers site, differentiation status, and staging profile of colorectal carcinoma.Method: This research use descriptive observational methods. The Medical Record Tabulation Data of the Faculty of Medicine, UNTAR, from 2020 to 2023 provided the data for this study. Patients with colorectal carcinoma who underwent a routine histological examination met the inclusion criteria for this study. Gender, primary cancer site, differentiation status, and cancer staging profile (TNM classification) were the characteristics evaluated in this study. The statistical method utilized in this study was descriptive analysis. Result: The results of the study revealed that the average age of occurrence of colorectal carcinoma was 58.06 (13.08) years, dominated by male sex in 30 (58.8%) respondents, the most primary location was in the colon at 26 (52.0%) ) respondents, with generally good differentiation in 39 (76.5%) respondents. Conclusion: Colorectal carcinoma most often occurs in the colon and is generally well differentiated.
Korelasi Durasi Screen Time dengan Gangguan Tidur Anak Usia 6-12 Tahun Eko Kristanto Kunta Adjie; Miranda Angtoni; Edwin Destra; William Gilbert Satyanegara; Joshua Kurniawan
MAHESA : Malahayati Health Student Journal Vol 3, No 7 (2023): Volume 3 Nomor 7 (2023)
Publisher : Universitas Malahayati

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (254.104 KB) | DOI: 10.33024/mahesa.v3i7.10653

Abstract

ABSTRACT Sleep is an important neuro-physiological process. Sleep disorder in children is divided into two major categories, disomnia and parasomnia. Screen time affects children’s sleep quality, where in previous studies has shown the impacts on various aspects of a children’s life. To find out the correlation between screen time duration (minute/day) towards sleep disorder in children of age 6-12 years old. This study is an observational analytic study with cross sectional design. Sample obtained from students in SDK Mater Dei. Probolinggo, using non-random consecutive sampling technique. Data obtained through online questionnaire to the students’ parents. Statistic test used in this study are Pearson correlation test with Spearman correlation test as alternative. Data distribution reviewed using Kolmogorov Smirnov test (n=≥50) or Shapiro Wilk test (n=<50). Correlation is assessed with reference score of: 0,00 – 0,20 as very weak; 0,20 – 0,40 as weak; 0,40 – 0,60 as normal; 0,60 – 0,80 as strong; 0,60 – 1,00 as very strong. Weak correlation obtained between screen time duration towards SDSC (r=0.217; p=0.020) and Sleep disorder cluster type-1 score (r=0.226; p=0.015). Screen time duration has positive correlation towards sleep disorder in children of age 6-12 years old, especially in starting and maintaining sleep. Keywords: Children, Screen Time Duration, Sleep Disorder  ABSTRAK Tidur merupakan proses neuro-fisiologi yang yang memegang peran penting. Masalah tidur pada anak terbagi dalam dua kategorik besar, disomnia dan parasomnia. Durasi waktu layar pada anak mempengaruhi kualitas tidur dan penelitian sebelumnya telah memperlihatkan dampaknya di berbagai aspek dalam kehidupan anak. Mengetahui korelasi durasi screen time (menit/hari) terhadap gangguan tidur anak usia 6-12 tahun. Penelitian ini merupakan studi analitik observasional dengan desain studi potong lintang. Sampel diperoleh dari siswa/i berusia 6-13 tahun di SDK Mater Dei, Probolinggo, yang diambil dengan teknik non-random consecutive sampling. Data diperoleh dengan membagikan kuisioner secara daring kepada orang tua siswa/i. Uji statistik yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berupa korelasi Pearson dengan uji alternative berupa korelasi Spearman, dan penentuan distribusi data menggunakan Kolmogorov Smirnov (n=≥50) atau Shapiro Wilk (n=<50). Penilaian kekuatan korelasi menggunakan acuan berupa 0,00 – 0,20 dianggap sangat lemah; 0,20 – 0,40 dianggap lemah; 0,40 – 0,60 dianggap normal; 0,60 – 0,80 dianggap kuat; 0,60 – 1,00 dianggap sangat kuat. Didapatkan korelasi lemah antara durasi screen time dengan total nilai SDSC (r=0.217; p=0.020) dan nilai kluster gangguan tidur tipe 1 (r=0.226; p=0.015). Terdapat korelasi positif antara lama durasi screen time dengan gangguan tidur anak usia 6-12 tahun, terutama tipe gangguan memulai dan mem-pertahankan tidur. Kata Kunci: Anak, Durasi Screen Time, Gangguan Tidur
SKRINING DAN EDUKASI PENCEGAHAN FRAMBUSIA PUSKESMAS KUPU DI SDN 01 LAWATAN KABUPATEN TEGAL Edwin Destra; Natasha Anggraeni; Ariel Bagoes Prakoso; Rafidah Hanina Ashil; Jamaludin Jamaludin; Mika Jaya Juliastina
Jurnal Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat STIE AKA Semarang Vol 2 No 2 (2023): Agustus : Jurnal Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat (Abdimas)
Publisher : Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat (LPPM) Institut Teknologi dan Bisnis (ITB) Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.54066/abdimas.v2i2.287

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Frambusia, also known as yaws, patek, pian, buba, or ambalo, is a tropical disease categorized as a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD). The diagnosis of frambusia is established through clinical examination and serological testing. Occasionally, there are cases of frambusia that lack clear clinical lesions, leading to undiagnosed instances. The disease is primarily attributed to unhygienic living conditions, and if left untreated, it can result in various complications in the future. TPHA-RDT testing can be employed for early frambusia detection. Educational activities and disease screening involve 12 pediatric respondents. Frambusia is commonly observed among children aged two to fifteen years, with transmission occurring during play and interaction with peers of the same age group. Therefore, effective preventive measures, such as frambusia screening, need to be implemented. Societal awareness campaigns contribute to enhancing public knowledge of frambusia and educating individuals about effective preventive actions. With an improved understanding of this disease, it is expected that individuals will take necessary preventive steps, such as seeking healthcare when frambusia symptoms or signs arise. Thus, accurate knowledge of frambusia serves as a foundation for adopting effective preventive behaviors and safeguarding the overall health of both individuals and communities.
Hubungan Jarak Waktu dan Jumlah Vaksin dengan Hasil Reaktif Ig-G SARS-Cov-2 (Studi Kasus Populasi Remaja SMA Kalam Kudus II Jakarta) Donatila Mano S; Yohanes Firmansyah; Hendsun Hendsun; Edwin Destra; Alexander Halim Santoso
Malahayati Nursing Journal Vol 5, No 8 (2023): Volume 5 Nomor 8 2023
Publisher : Universitas Malahayati Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33024/mnj.v5i8.10594

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ABSTRACT Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 is essential in enhancing the body's defense against SARS-CoV-2 infection by increasing the level of Ig-G antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Determining the relationship between the number of vaccines and the vaccination interval plays a role in the level of Ig-G antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in the body to prevent primary infection from SARS-CoV-2. The assessment of cause-effect relationships is conducted through a cross-sectional study involving 76 subjects who met the inclusion criteria. The analysis performed includes descriptive analysis and analytical analysis to evaluate qualitative and quantitative data. In subjects who received a third dose of the vaccine, the Ig-G levels against SARS-CoV-2 were found to be higher compared to those who did not receive a third dose (p-value < 0.05). The levels of Ig-G against SARS-CoV-2 in the body are not consistently high, indicating the need for repeated vaccine administration every few months to maintain Ig-G levels (p-value < 0.05). This study demonstrates that the number of vaccinations plays a role in increasing the levels of Ig-G antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, thus aiding in the body's fight against SARS-CoV-2 infection. The vaccination interval is also an important factor to consider, as the Ig-G levels against SARS-CoV-2 may decline over time, necessitating repeated vaccinations to maintain Ig-G levels. Both the number of vaccinations and the vaccination interval are crucial in maintaining the levels of Ig-G antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, thus preventing primary SARS-CoV-2 infections. Keywords: Ig-G SARS-CoV-2, Antibodies, Primary Infection, Vaccination Interval, Number of Vaccines  ABSTRAK Vaksinasi SARS-Cov-2 merupakan hal yang esensial dalam meningkatkan pertahanan tubuh terhadap infeksi SARS-Cov-2 dengan meningkatkan jumlah antibodi Ig-G SARS-Cov-2. Menentukan hubungan antara jumlah vaksin dan jarak waktu vaksinasi dalam perananannya terhadap kadar antibodi Ig-G SARS-Cov-2 di dalam tubuh untuk mencegah terjadinya Infeksi Primer dari SARS-Cov-2. Penilaian hubungan sebab akibat dilakukan dengan penelitian potong lintang dan dilakukan pada 76 subjek yang telah memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Analisa yang dilakukan adalah analisa deskriptif dan analisa analitik untuk menilai data kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Pada subjek yang menerima vaksin ketiga memiliki nilai Ig-G SARS-Cov-2 yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan yang tidak menerima vaksin ketiga (p-value <0,05). Kadar Ig-G SARS-Cov-2 juga tidak selalu tinggi di dalam tubuh sehingga perlu dilakukan pemberian vaksin berulang setiap beberapa bulan untuk mempertahankan kadar Ig-G SARS-Cov-2 (p-value <0,05). Penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa jumlah vaksinasi memiliki peranan dalam meningkatkan kadar Ig-G SARS-Cov-2 sehingga antibodi dalam melawan infeksi dari SARS-Cov-2. Jarak vaksinasi juga merupakan hal yang perlu diperhatikan karena kadar Ig-G SARS-Cov-2 akan menurun sehingga diperlukan vaksin berulang untuk mempertahankan kadar Ig-G SARS-Cov-2. Pemberian jumlah vaksinasi dan jarak waktu merupakan hal yang perlu diperhatikan dan menjadi esensial dalam peranannya untuk mempertahankan kadar antibodi Ig-G SARS-Cov-2 untuk mencegah terjadinya infeksi primer SARS-Cov-2. Kata Kunci: Ig-G SARS-Cov-2, Antibodi, Infeksi Primer, Jarak Vaksin, Jumlah Vaksin
Korelasi Nilai Fecal Incontinence Severity Index (FISI) dengan nilai Activity Daily Living (ADL) pada Kelompok Lanjut Usia Johan Lucas Harjono; Yohanes Firmansyah; William Gilbert Satyanagara; Joshua Kurniawan; Giovanno Sebastian Yogie; Edwin Destra
MAHESA : Malahayati Health Student Journal Vol 3, No 11 (2023): Volume 3 Nomor 11 (2023)
Publisher : Universitas Malahayati

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33024/mahesa.v3i11.11609

Abstract

ABSTRACT Fecal incontinence is describes as inability to control bowel movement that effect 10-17% elderly. Fecal incontinence increase the risk of infection, psychosocial stress, depression, and increase dependency on others, leading to decrease in quality of life. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the correlation of FISI values with ADL in the elderly, at the Santa Anna nursing resident from June-July 2023. Participants who include in the study will be asked to complete both the FISI and ADL questionnaires. The Spearman correlation test was used In this study. This research include 60 participants with an average age of 76.30 years, dominated by women 40 (66.7%). The results indicate a moderate correlation (-0.432) between FISI scores and ADL scores (p-value=0.001). These findings suggest that increasing severity of fecal incontinence is associated with a decrease in independence. Fecal incontinence impacts the independence of elderly patients. This serves as a reminder for caregivers and families to offer both physical and psychological support to patients suffering from fecal incontinence. Keywords : Activity Daily Living, Fecal Incontinence, Elderly  ABSTRAK Inkontinensia fekal merupakan kondisi ketidakmampuan untuk mengatur buang air besar yang dialami oleh 10-17% lansia. Inkontinensia fekal dapat meningkatkan risiko infeksi, stress psikososial, depresi, dan meningkatkan ketergantungan terhadap pengaruh yang dapat menurunkan kualitas hidup. Pelaksanaa studi potong lintang untuk mengetahui korelasi nilai FISI terhadap ADL ada kelompok lanjut usia, di Panti Lansia Santa Anna periode Juni-Juli 2023. Responden yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi akan mengisi kuisioner FISI dan ADL. Analisa statistik yang akan dilakukan adalah uji Spearman Correlation.  Terdapat 60 responden ikut dalam penellitian ini, dengan rerata usia 76,30 tahun dan didominasi oleh perempuan (40 (66,7%)). Hasilnya, didapatkan korelasi antara skor FISI terhadap nilai ADL (p-value 0,001, r:-0,432(cukup)). Hal ini menunjukan semakin berat inkontinensia fekal maka kemandirian akan semakin menurun. Inkontinesia fekal memberikan dampak terhadap kemandirian pasien usia lanjut. Hal ini menjadi pembelajaran bagi pengasuh dan keluarga untuk tetap memberikan dukungan baik fisik maupun psikis terhadap pasien yang mengalaminya. Kata Kunci: Activity Daily Living, Inkontinensia Fekal, Lansia
Korelasi Kadar Gula Darah Sewaktu dengan Nilai Fecal Incontinence Severity Index (FISI) pada Kelompok Lanjut Usia Jeffrey Jeffrey; Yohanes Firmansyah; Joshua Kurniawan; William Gilbert Satyanagara; Giovanno Sebastian Yogie; Edwin Destra
MAHESA : Malahayati Health Student Journal Vol 3, No 11 (2023): Volume 3 Nomor 11 (2023)
Publisher : Universitas Malahayati

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33024/mahesa.v3i11.11402

Abstract

ABSTRACT Physiological changes occur to every organ systems along with age. Fecal incontinence (FI) is one of them. FI should not be underestimated. There are a lot of risk factors for FI in elderly, including age, obesity, gender, and comorbidities like dementia and diabetes melitus. High prevalence of FI and diabetes mellitus will affect clinical and managements in elderly care. To find out the correlation between blood sugar level and fecal incontinence severity index (FISI) score in elderly patients. This is an analytic study with cross sectional design. Samples are elderly patients in Santa Anna Nursing Home in July 2023 that met the criteria. Data obtained through questionnaire interview and blood examination. Statistical analysis used in the study are Pearson or Spearman correlation test. Data distribution is tested with Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Level of significance in the study is 5%. There are 60 respondents with the mean age of 76,30 (±7,88) years, dominated by female (66,7%). High blood sugar level obtained in 11,7% of the respondents. There is a significant correlation between blood sugar level and FISI score (p-value = 0,041; r-correlation : 0,264). From the R square evaluation we found a value of 0.091, which indicates that 9.1% of FISI score is influenced by blood sugar level. There is a correlation between elevated blood sugar and fecal incontinence. Fecal incontinence in older adults requires attention due to its adverse impact on their quality of life. Keywords: Blood Sugar Level, Elderly, Fecal Incontinence  ABSTRAK Perubahan fisiologis terjadi pada seluruh sistem organ seiring dengan bertambahnya usia. Salah satu hal yang dapat terjadi pada lansia adalah fecal incontinence (FI). Hal ini tidak dapat dipandang sebelah mata. Terdapat berbagai faktor risiko untuk FI pada lansia, termasuk bertambahnya usia, obesitas, jenis kelamin, dan berbagai jenis penyakit penyerta, seperti demensia dan diabetes melitus. Tingginya prevalensi FI dan diabetes melitus akan berdampak pada klinis dan manajemen perawatan lansia. Mengetahui korelasi kadar gula darah sewaktu dengan nilai fecal incontinence severity index (FISI) pada kelompok lanjut usia. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik dengan desain penelitian cross sectional. Sampel merupakan pasien lanjut usia di Panti Lansia Santa Anna pada Juli 2023 serta memenuhi kriteria. Data diperoleh melalui wawancara kuesioner dan pemeriksaan darah. Analisa statistik pada penelitian ini menggunakan korelasi Pearson atau korelasi Spearman. Distribusi data diperiksa menggunakan uji Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Nilai kemaknaan dalam penelitian ini adalah sebesar 5%. Didapatkan 60 responden dengan rerata usia adalah 76,30 (±7,88) tahun, yang didominasi jenis kelamin perempuan (66,7%). Kadar gula darah sewaktu yang tergolong tinggi didapatkan pada 11,7% responden. Terdapat korelasi yang bermakna antara kadar Gula Darah Sewaktu dengan nilai FISI (p-value = 0,041; r-correlation : 0,264). Penelusuran dari nilai R square didapatkan nilai sebesar 0,091, yang menunjukkan bahwa 9,1% nilai FISI dipengaruhi oleh kadar gula darah sewaktu. Terdapat korelasi antara peningkatan gula darah sewaktu dengan inkontinensia fekal. Inkontinensia fekal pada usia lanjut perlu mendapat perhatian karena dapat menurunkan kualitas hidup. Kata Kunci: Gula Darah Sewaktu, Fecal Incontinence, Lanjut Usia
Kegiatan Pengabdian Masyarakat Terhadap Deteksi Dini Status Gizi Di Sekolah Dasar Panyaweuyan Susy Olivia; Farell Christian Gunaidi; Edwin Destra; Nisrina Artanti Prasetiani; Raden Seliwat Agung Aditya; Ranindita Maulya Ismah Amimah; Dianova Soeltanong
Jurnal Suara Pengabdian 45 Vol. 3 No. 1 (2024): Maret: Jurnal Suara Pengabdian 45
Publisher : LPPM Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56444/pengabdian45.v3i1.1470

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Nutritional status has a significant impact on the growth and development of children. In Indonesia, the prevalence of nutritional status is as follows: 4% (very thin), 7.2% (thin), 10.8% (overweight), and 8% (obese), as determined by body mass index/age. This can be affected by a variety of variables, including socioeconomic status, personal hygiene, and lifestyle. In the odd semester of 2024, Panyaweuyan Elementary School is populated by 285 students in total. The objective of this service endeavor is to conduct early nutritional status screenings for pupils and girls attending Panyaweuyan Elementary School. By assessing the nutritional status of children through anthropometric measurements such as height, weight, and body mass index, this service activity is developed utilizing the PDCA method. The findings from the assessments indicate that while the majority of pupils enrolled at Panyaweuyan Elementary School possess a healthy nutritional status, a subset remains obese and has a compromised nutritional status. Early detection is critical for preventing and treating nutritional issues in children so that they may develop to their full potential.
Penelusuran Profil Kadar Gula Darah Sewaktu pada Pria dan Wanita Usia Produktif di SMA Kalam Kudus II, Duri Kosambi, Jakarta Triyana Sari; Yovian Timothy Satyo; Fladys Jashinta Mashadi; Edwin Destra
Jurnal Suara Pengabdian 45 Vol. 3 No. 2 (2024): Juni Jurnal Suara Pengabdian 45
Publisher : LPPM Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56444/pengabdian45.v3i2.1630

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Temporary blood sugar is the level of glucose in the blood that measured without considering the time of the last meal, and often used to detect diabetes mellitus or impaired glucose tolerance. This community service activity aims to describe the distribution of blood sugar levels in 68 men and women of productive age at  Kalam Kudus II High School, Jakarta. This community service activity is carried out using the Plan-Do-Check-Action method. The results showed that the majority of respondents had normal fasting blood sugar levels (97.1%), with an average of 113.26 mg/dL and a median of 104 mg/dL. Lifestyle factors, nutrition, genetics, and chronic medical conditions can affect blood sugar levels at any time. Regular monitoring of blood sugar levels is essential for early detection and management of diabetes mellitus, which can prevent serious complications such as cardiovascular disease and nephropathy. Prevention strategies include a healthy diet, physical activity, patient education, and appropriate medical interventions. Comprehensive public health programs are needed to increase awareness and management of diabetes, as well as improve the quality of life of individuals affected by this disease.  
Exploring the Connection Between Facial Skin Cleansing Habits and Acne Vulgaris: A Comprehensive Review Anna Rahmania Sari; Prajnya Kamila Ramadhanty; Natasha Anggraeni; Edwin Destra; Yohanes Firmansyah
Medicor : Journal of Health Informatics and Health Policy Vol. 1 No. 1 (2023): October
Publisher : Indonesian Scientific Publication

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61978/medicor.v1i1.42

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Acne Vulgaris (AV) is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the pilosebaceous follicles, characterized by multifactorial causative factors and clinical manifestations such as cysts, pustules, comedones, nodules, and papules. While AV is not life-threatening, it can significantly impact an individual's well-being by reducing self-esteem, increasing anxiety, and affecting their economic and social life. This paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of existing literature, synthesizing information from multiple reputable sources. The main objective of this review is to explore the implementation of treatments related to the relationship between skin cleansing habits and Acne Vulgaris. The connection between facial skin hygiene and the occurrence of Acne Vulgaris is of significant interest. One key aspect is the potential reduction in Acne Vulgaris when individuals maintain good facial skin hygiene practices. When facial skin is cleaned appropriately, it hinders the accumulation of excess sebum, one of the contributing factors to the development of Acne Vulgaris. It is essential to acknowledge the variability in research outcomes. While certain studies propose that excessive facial cleansing may worsen Acne Vulgaris due to potential skin irritation and glandular complications, others recommend a minimum of twice-daily facial cleansing with a gentle cleanser to maintain skin well-being. The optimal cleansing frequency may depend on individual skin conditions and the presence of comedonal lesions.