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DIPLOMASI PERTAHANAN INDONESIA TERHADAP PELANGGARAN WILAYAH OLEH CHINA DI PERAIRAN KEPULAUAN NATUNA MELALUI PELAKSANAAN LATIHAN PUNCAK ANGKASA YUDHA TNI AU TAHUN 2016 Kusuma, Wida Sanditya; Halkis, Mhd; Yusgiantoro, Purnomo
Jurnal Diplomasi Pertahanan Vol 5 No 3 Jurnal Diplomasi Pertahanan (Desember 2019)
Publisher : Universitas Perrtahanan Indonesia (UNHAN)

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Abstract

Abstrak – Pasca insiden penangkapan kapal pencuri ikan nelayan China di perairan Kepulauan Natuna, berbagai upaya dilakukan oleh pemerintah Indonesia untuk menyampaikan pesan bahwa perairan Natuna adalah milik Indonesia yang sah dan berdaulat. Salah satu kegiatan yang dilaksanakan di Natuna pasca insiden tersebut adalah pelaksanaan Latihan Puncak Angkasa Yudha yang diselenggarakan oleh Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Udara (TNI AU). Latihan Puncak Angkasa Yudha adalah latihan rutin dan tertinggi yang dimiliki oleh TNI AU. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dan pendekatan studi kasus, tesis ini akan mengkaji tentang peran dan bentuk Diplomasi Pertahanan yang terkandung dalam pelaksanaan Latihan Puncak Angkasa Yudha dalam rangka turut menciptakan pertahanan dan keamanan di kawasan perairan Natuna. Teori yang dipakai dalam tesis ini ialah teori kekuatan udara, teori deterensi non-nuklir, dan konsep diplomasi pertahanan. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah Latihan Puncak Angkasa Yudha memiliki peran sebagai diplomasi pertahanan Indonesia dalam menjaga pertahanan dan keamanan perairan Natuna, serta adanya deterrence effect atau daya gentar yang berbentuk pengurangan angka pelanggaran batas wilayah hukum oleh China di wilayah tersebut sebagai bukti peningkatan kapasitas (capacity building) dan peningkatan kepercayaan (confidence building measures/CBMs) sekaligus meningkatkan hubungan harmonis dengan negara China yang sempat tegang akibat insiden tersebut.Kata kunci: China, deterrence effect, Diplomasi Pertahanan, Latihan Puncak Angkasa Yudha, Natuna Abstract – After the incidents of Chinese illegal fishing boat arrests in the Natuna Islands waters, various attempts were made by the Indonesian government to convey the message that Natuna waters’ sovereignty is owned legitimately by Indonesia. One of the activities carried out in Natuna after the incident was the Grand Exercise Angkasa Yudha which was organized by the Indonesian Air Force. Angkasa Yudha Exercise is the annual exercise and the highest form of exercise of Indonesian Air Force. This study uses qualitative research method and study case approach that will examine the role and and forms of defense diplomacy contained in the exhibition of Angkasa Yudha Exercise. Theories used in this thesis are air power theory, deterrence theory (non-nuclear deterrence), and defense diplomacy concept. From this study, it could be concluded that Angkasa Yudha Exercise has a role as Indonesia’s defense diplomacy in maintaining the defense and security of Natuna waters in terms of capacity building and confidence building measures (CBMs), also it gives deterrence effect in the form of reducing the number of Chinese’s violations in the area, this effort also aims to increase harmonious relations with the once-tensed relation with China after the incident.Keywords: Angkasa Yudha exercise, defense diplomacy, deterrent effect, China, Natuna
STRATEGI DIPLOMASI PERTAHANAN INDONESIA DALAM MENJAGA STABILITAS KAWASAN ASEAN MELALUI KONSEP DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM Sutiono, Sutiono; Mahroza, Jonni; Yusgiantoro, Purnomo
Jurnal Diplomasi Pertahanan Vol 5 No 2 Jurnal Diplomasi Pertahanan (Agustus 2019)
Publisher : Universitas Perrtahanan Indonesia (UNHAN)

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Abstrak -- Stabilitas ASEAN adalah alasan bertumbuhnya ekonomi di ASEAN. stabilitas tersebut tidak terlepas dari upaya regionalisasi ASEAN yang hingga kini menuju Komunitas Masyarakat ASEAN. Hal yang paling penting adalah konsensus dari ASEAN Way terus menciptakan guidance bagi hubungan yang berlangsung di ASEAN. Rivalitas Amerika Serikat dan Cina dalam upayanya memperebutkan pengaruh di ASEAN telah memberikan beberapa ancaman seperti tidak tercapainya konsensus di tahun 2012, Malaysia yang keluar dari join declaration di Myanmar tahun 2017, dan CoC Laut Cina Selatan yang masih terus digalakkan yang tentunya berhadapan dengan kepentingan para major power khususnya Amerika Serikat dan Cina. Penelitian ini untuk menjelaskan strategi diplomasi pertahanan Indonesia dalam menjaga stabilitas kawasan ASEAN dan strategi diplomasi pertahanan Indonesia tersebut melalui konsep dynamic equilibrium. Penelitian ini akan dikaji melalui teori-teori strategi terutama Terry L Deibel dan kesesuain konsep Dynamic Equilibrium dengan konsep diplomasi pertahanan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Data dihimpun dengan cara wawancara, lalu disandingkan dengan studi literatur. Kemudian data tersebut dianalisis berdasarkan teori-teori di atas. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa kepentingan Indonesia dalam regional masih dalam bentuk kepentingan membangun postur pertahanan Indonesia. Sehingga, konsep Dynamic Equilibrium bisa menjadi alternatif untuk mencegah fragmentasi ASEAN oleh rivalitas para major powers.Kata kunci: diplomasi, diplomasi pertahanan, strategi, asean, rivalitas kekuatan Abstract -- ASEAN stability is the reason for the economic growth in ASEAN. More importantly this is inseparable from the efforts to regionalize ASEAN which is now heading towards the ASEAN Community.The most important thing is the consensus of ASEAN Roads continues to guide the ongoing relations in ASEAN. Rivalry between the United States and China in its efforts to compete for influence in ASEAN has provided several problems such as the lack of consensus in 2012, Malaysia coming out of a joint declaration in Myanmar in 2017, and the ongoing South China CoC which can deal with the interests of the big special powers of the United States and China. This research is to explain Indonesia's defense diplomacy strategy in the ASEAN defense region and Indonesia's defense diplomacy strategy through the concept of dynamic balance. This research will be examined through the popular strategy theories of Terry L Deibel and the compatibility of the concept of Dynamic Equilibrium with the concept of defense diplomacy. This research was conducted using qualitative. Data is collected by means of interviews, then juxtaposed with literature studies. Then the data is analyzed based on the theories above. The results of this study indicate that Indonesia's interests in the region are still in the form of interests in building Indonesia's defense posture. Considering, the concept of Dynamic Equilibrium can be an alternative to prevent ASEAN fragmentation by the rivalry of the main forces.Keywords: diplomacy, defense diplomacy, strategy, asean, rivality
Investigating a Hampered NRE Utilization in Kaltim’s Energy System: Is there an Energy Policy with a Syndrome of the Energy-abundant Area? Asri, Novena Damar; Yusgiantoro, Purnomo
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 10, No 4 (2021): November 2021
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/ijred.2021.37135

Abstract

Kaltim presumably experiences an energy paradox, where the energy system is unreliable and unsustainable, despite energy-rich. This study presumes that the paradox is caused by the ‘ill-advised energy policy’ shown by ‘energy-area incompatibility’ that is exacerbated by the ‘energy-rich syndrome’ (a mindset of feeling secure due to energy-abundance leading to a wasteful behavior). This study investigates the indication of the syndrome in Kaltim energy policy by first investigating ‘the incompatibility’ and its impacts by examining Kaltim’s geographical characteristics, energy potential, population-distribution, electricity system, and infrastructure. Also, the impacts of retaining the syndrome through cost analyses. This study finds the incompatibility between energy-sources utilization and geographical characteristics, by conducting a descriptive method with data collection and analyses. Kaltim is forest-dominated with scattered-population, suitable with an off-grid system. However, the electricity development is mostly on-grid, fossil-based designed, explaining the difficulties of electrifying the entire Kaltim, although electricity is surplus. While off-grid should be applied to NRE, the massive use of diesel-gen-sets shows wasteful behavior. By conducting a linear-regression method, this study finds that Kaltim’s electricity consumption (indicating the infrastructure sufficiency) is lower than it should be, given its incredible economic performance. The incompatibility causes infrastructure insufficiency. The cost analysis finds that the massively-used fuel oil is the most expensive. The subsidy would be around 0.003%-0.275% of Kaltim GDRP or 17 billion-1.55 trillion IDR. As the new Capital location, NRE is a must for Kaltim. To conclude, NRE utilization is very low, although its potential is huge, and Kaltim’s forested characteristics suit it. NRE only covers 3% of Kaltim’s electricity, while the potential (hydro alone) is more than 6,900MW. The incompatibility causes an unreliable electricity system, although electricity is surplus. Following Kaltim’s geographical characteristics, NRE should be optimized. This study intends to aware the policy-makers of the syndrome, thereby develop a ‘proper energy policy’.
Economic Evaluation of Fiscal Regime on EOR Implementation in Indonesia: A Case Study of Low Salinity Water Injection on Field X Adityawarman Adityawarman; Faridh Afdhal Aziz; Prasandi Abdul Aziz; Purnomo Yusgiantoro; Steven Chandra
Journal of Earth Energy Engineering Vol. 9 No. 1 (2020): APRIL
Publisher : Universitas Islam Riau (UIR) Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (1154.331 KB) | DOI: 10.25299/jeee.2020.4608

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There are currently two fiscal regimes designated for resource allocation in Indonesia’s upstream oil and gas industry, the Production Sharing Contract Cost Recovery (PSC) and Gross Split. The Gross Split in the form of additional percentage split is designed to encourage contractors to implement Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) in mature fields. Low Salinity Water Injection (LSWI) is an emerging EOR technique in which the salinity of the injected water is controlled. It has been proven to be relatively cheaper and has simpler implementations than other EOR options in several countries. This study evaluates the LSWI project’s economy using PSC and Gross Split and then to be compared to conventional waterflooding (WF) project’s economy. There are four cases on Field X that are simulated using a commercial simulator for 5 years. The cases are evaluated under PSC and Gross Split to calculate the project’s economy. The economic indicators that will be evaluated are the Net Present Value (NPV) and sensitivity analysis is also conducted to observe the change of NPV. The parameters for sensitivity analysis are Capital Expenditure (CAPEX), Operating Expenditure (OPEX), Oil Production, and Oil Price. It is found that LSWI implementation using Gross Split is more profitable than PSC. The parameters that affects NPV the most in all PSC cases are the oil production and oil price. On the other hand, in Gross Split cases, the oil production is the parameter that affects NPV the most, followed by oil price. The novelty of this study is in the comparison of project’s economy between WF and LSWI using two different fiscal regimes to see whether Gross Split is more profitable than PSC on EOR implementation, specifically the LSWI at Field X.
Penerapan Strategi Pemanduan Terpadu Sebagai Upaya Mewujudkan Ketahanan dan Keamanan Di Selat Malaka TSNB Hutabarat; Syamsul Maarif; Nimmi Zulbainarni; Purnomo Yusgiantoro
Jurnal Ketahanan Nasional Vol 26, No 3 (2020)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jkn.60766

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 ABSTRACT Malacca Strait was the busiest strait the world, where most of distribution lines of sea transportation pass through. However, there were some issues in this area, including security and safety issues, which could interfere the business operation and threaten national resilience. On the other hand, the high cost of the efforts to maintained the security and safety in the area burdens the government. Departing from this background, this research  aimed to developed a strategy in handling sea transportation system in order to achieved the equilibrium between economy efficiency and the effectiveness of the government in maintaining security and safety of the shipping traffic in Malacca Strait. This study was a problem solving-based research using Soft System Methodology and Analytical Hierarchy Process.  As the results, The Integrated Piloting Strategy had been developed as a recommendation to be implemented.  With this strategy the ships that passed through the Malacca Strait were advised to adopted Integrated Piloting, in which the Pilots together with the security guards, would be on board and helped the ship to passed through Malacca Strait safely and securely. By that, the safety and security were guaranteed and the business objectives were achievedABSTRAK  Moda transportasi laut merupakan sarana utama distribusi logistik di dunia.  Sebagian besar alur distribusi ini melewati wilayah perairan Selat Malaka, menjadikan Selat Malaka sebagai selat tersibuk di dunia, yang mana 75 persen perairannya merupakan wilayah Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia (NKRI).  Namun demikian terdapat beberapa permasalahan di wilayah Selat Malaka tersebut, di antaranya permasalahan keamanan serta keselamatan yang berpotensi mengganggu kelancaran operasional bagi para pelaku bisnis serta mengancam ketahanan nasional.  Di sisi lain upaya menjaga keamanan serta keselamatan di wilayah tersebut membebani Pemerintah dengan biaya yang sangat besar. Berdasarkan latar belakang tersebut penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merumuskan strategi di dalam menangani sistem transportasi laut agar terjadi kesetimbangan antara efisiensi ekonomi bagi pelaku bisnis, serta efektivitas instansi pemerintah dalam menjaga keamanan dan keselamatan pelayaran di Selat Malaka. Studi ini merupakan penelitian berbasis  problem solving menggunakan metode  Soft System Methodology (SSM) dan Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP).            Sebagai hasil dari penelitian ini disusun rekomendasi berupa Strategi Pemanduan Terpadu di mana kapal-kapal yang melintasi Selat Malaka disarankan untuk menggunakan Pemanduan Terpadu yaitu petugas Pandu yang terintegrasi dengan keberadaan petugas keamanan yang turut on board di kapal selama melintas di Selat Malaka, dengan segala tantangannya, sehingga keamanan dan keselamatan terjamin, keuntungan bisnis tercapai serta terwujud efisiensi ekonomi bagi semua pihak yang terlibat..
STRATEGI PEMANDUAN TERPADU UNTUK MENCAPAI KESETIMBANGAN EKONOMI DAN KEAMANAN DI SELAT MALAKA DENGAN PENDEKATAN SSM TSNB Hutabarat; M. Syamsul Ma’arif; Nimmi Zulbainarni; Purnomo Yusgiantoro
Jurnal Aplikasi Bisnis dan Manajemen (JABM) Vol. 7 No. 1 (2021): JABM Vol. 7 No. 1, Januari 2021
Publisher : School of Business, Bogor Agricultural University (SB-IPB)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.17358/jabm.7.1.11

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One of the main issues facing the Government in Malacca Strait is the security and safety issue, which threatens the users of sea transportation service and potentially interferes with the business operation. In fact, most of the international distribution lines pass through the Malacca Strait, making it the busiest strait in the world. On the other hand, the high cost of maintaining security and safety in the area burdens the government. Hence, this research aims to develop a strategy in handling the sea transportation system to achieve the equilibrium between economic efficiency and the government's effectiveness in maintaining the security and safety of the shipping traffic in Malacca Strait. This study is a problem solving-based research using Soft System Methodology. As a result, the integrated piloting strategy has been developed as a recommendation to be implemented. With this strategy, the ships that pass through the Malacca Strait are advised to adopt integrated piloting. The pilots and the security guards would be on board and safely and securely help the ship pass through the Malacca Strait. By that, safety and security would be guaranteed, and the business objectives would be achieved. Keywords: malacca strait, maritime study, sea transportation, soft system methodology
INDONESIAN DEFENSE DEGREE STRATEGY FACING THE THREAT OF COVID-19 Hasto Kristiyanto; Purnomo Yusgiantoro; Amrulla Octavian; I Wayan Midhio
JHSS (JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL STUDIES) Vol 5, No 3 (2021): Journal of Humanities and Social Studies
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS PAKUAN

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33751/jhss.v5i3.4031

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National defense is faced with an uncertain changing strategic environment. For this reason, in order for a country to be able to maintain the sovereignty and security of its people, a state defense strategy strategy is needed that is adaptive to all changes and potential threats. The strategy of holding power during the COVID-19 pandemic is different from previous conditions. This study focuses on developing a strategy for deploying defense forces that are appropriate to deal with all these threats. The research uses qualitative methods with data collection techniques from literature studies. The results of the study prove that the concept of a grand strategy which is a universal defense system has principles that are suitable for dealing with increasingly complex threats in the future.
Historical Dynamics of Aceh in the Republic of Indonesia Sampe L. Purba; Purnomo Yusgiantoro; Yanif Dwi Kuntjoro; Rachmat Sudibyo; Herlina J.R. Saragih
Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences Vol 4, No 4 (2021): Budapest International Research and Critics Institute November
Publisher : Budapest International Research and Critics University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33258/birci.v4i4.3420

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The Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, hereinafter referred to as the Province of Aceh since the pre-colonial era until now, has a specific and special relationship dynamics in the course of Indonesian history. In the pre-colonial period, Aceh had a strategic position and got the recognition of the major powers at that time. In the colonial war, there were two groups that played a very important role, namely the nobility (teuku) and the religious elite (teungku). These two groups go hand in hand in the war against the enemy, but there is also friction and competition between them. The Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of Indonesia and the Free Aceh Movement (Helsinki Agreement 2005) was a turning point for peace in Aceh. The important points agreed upon including the reintroduction of the Acehnese Qanun as a respect for the historical traditions and customs of the Acehnese people, and reflected in the contemporary law. Also, the Nanggroe Institution along with all the ceremonial attributes and rights will be established. Along with the conducive security in the Aceh region, it seems that the political attitude of the people in general is no longer too emotionally linked to the historical romance of past glory. The decreasing share of local parties in Aceh's DPRA can be seen as an indication of this. However, some views today see that there are still many things that have not been fulfilled according to the original intent of the Helsinki peace.
Analisis Pengaruh Kekuatan Ekonomi Dan Politik Dalam Perumusan Strategi Pertahanan Negara Hasto Kristiyanto; Purnomo Yusgiantoro; Amrulla Octavian; I Wayan Midhio
Jurnal Syntax Fusion Vol 2 No 03 (2022): Jurnal Syntax Fusion: Jurnal Nasional Indonesia
Publisher : Rifa' Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.54543/fusion.v2i03.184

Abstract

Aspek ekonomi dan politik sangat berpengaruh dalam perumusan strategi pertahanan negara. Perkembangan dua aspek tersebut mempengaruhi kekuatan militer suatu negara. Penelitian ini membahas pengaruh kekuatan ekonomi dan politik dalam merumuskan strategi pertahanan negara. Teori yang digunakan ada dua, teori strategi dan SWOT analysis. Metode yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan studi literatur dan analisis data menggunakan Miles dan Huberman, reduksi data, penyajian data, penarikan kesimpulan/verifikasi data dan triangulasi data. Hasil penelitian membuktikan bahwa pembahasan tentang aspek grand strategy, elements of strategy, dan pembangunan startegi pertahanan negara, maka secara umum ditegaskan bahwa pertahanan negara sangat menentukan survival tidaknya suatu bangsa. Untuk itu, maka berbagai kelemahan secara ekonomi dan politik harus diatasi, dan pada saat bersamaan memperbesar peluang dan membangun kapabilitas pertahanan nasional guna mengatasi berbagai tantangan guna memerkuat sumber daya nasional bagi pertahanan negara.
TRANSITION TO NUCLEAR WAR: INDONESIAN PERSPECTIVE RESPONSE USING ANALYTICAL HIERARCHY PROCESS AND STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES, OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS METHOD Anang Puji Armanto; Benny Octaviar; Muchammad Bachtiar; Prabaswari Prabaswari; Purnomo Yusgiantoro; I Wayan Midhio
Jurnal Pertahanan: Media Informasi ttg Kajian & Strategi Pertahanan yang Mengedepankan Identity, Nasionalism & Integrity Vol 8, No 1 (2022)
Publisher : The Republic of Indonesia Defense University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33172/jp.v8i1.1520

Abstract

Since the end of World War II, the use of nuclear power as a weapon of war has been criticized for causing the deaths of up to 55 million people. Then there was a shift in the use of nuclear power from military to peaceful purposes, such as economic goals, and many countries built nuclear reactors as an alternative to conventional fuels. In addition, nuclear power can also serve as a very strong deterrent factor to prevent open war. Indonesia's geographical position is currently surrounded by countries that own nuclear reactors, such as North Korea, Iran, Russia, China, and India, followed by the formation of the AUKUS alliance of Australia, the United Kingdom (U.K.), and the United States (U.S.). With the geopolitical conditions and escalation in the region, Indonesia should take precautionary measures to avoid a nuclear war in the region. This study aims to identify the best anticipatory steps that can be taken by conducting in-depth Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and extracting data using questionnaires from ten academics, diplomats, nuclear experts, military personnel, and professionals, which results in several alternative options. The option is then analyzed to identify which is the best by using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method and confirmed with Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT ) Analysis. Based on the findings of the analysis, the sequence of anticipatory steps that must be taken is as follows: 1) through diplomacy; 2) through the strengthening of defense equipment; 3) participation in certain alliances, either temporarily or permanently, and 4) building a national nuclear capability as a deterrent. As a result, diplomacy remains the primary option for resolving the region's escalation