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INDONESIA
Jurnal Kesehatan Medika Udayana
ISSN : 24609293     EISSN : 26856573     DOI : https://doi.org/10.47859
Core Subject : Health,
The scope of this journal includes, but is not limited to the research results of: Fundamentals of Nursing Management in Nursing Medical surgical Nursing Critical Care Nursing Emergency and Trauma Nursing Oncology Nursing Community Health Nursing Occupational Health Nursing Mental Health Nursing Holistic Nursing Geriatric Nursing Family Nursing Maternity Nursing Women Health Nursing Pediatric Nursing Education in Nursing Nursing Policies Legal Nursing Advanced Practice Nursing Nursing Informatics Epidemiology Health Promotion Hospital Administration Physiology Occupational Health
Articles 92 Documents
Perilaku Remaja Putri Tentang Diet di SMA Negeri 5 Pekanbaru Andriani Ummu Khalishah
Jurnal Kesehatan Medika Udayana Vol. 7 No. 02 (2021): Oktober : Jurnal Kesehatan Medika Udayana
Publisher : Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Kesdam IX/Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (231.306 KB) | DOI: 10.47859/jmu.v7i02.77

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ABSTRACT Background: Diet is aiming to lose weight can be done in various ways.During the adolescent anxiety problems against weight loss arising more happens than the other.The physical changes that occur in particular weight and body shape increases the risk of someone worrying about her weight. Purpose: This research was conducted aiming to know the behavior of young women about diet in SMA Negeri 5 Pekanbaru. Method: This research is quantitative type with anlitik design with coss sectional approach. This type of research is quantitative and deskriftif design. The population of this research as much as 444 people with 82 samples of respondents with the method of sampling Simple Random Sampling using univariate analysis.This research instrument using questionnaires and engineering research with primary data. Results: Based on the results of research that young women in SMA Negeri 5 Pekanbaru knowledgeable low as much as 42 respondents (51%), being negative as much as 43 respondents (52%), and the actions that go on a diet as much as 58 respondents (71%). Conclusion: For the respondent is expected to be more positive about the diet, and can do the diet properly and healthily. Keywords: Behavior, Young Women, Diet ABSTRAK Latar Belakang: Diet merupakan usaha yang bertujuan untuk menurunkan berat badan yang dapat dilakukan dengan berbagai cara. Pada masa remaja masalah kecemasan terhadap berat badan timbul lebih banyak terjadi dibandingkan masa kehidupan lainnya. Perubahan fisik yang terjadi khususnya berat badan dan bentuk tubuh meningkatkan risiko seseorang mencemaskan berat badannya. Tujuan: Penelitian ini dilakukan bertujuan untuk mengetahui perilaku remaja putri tentang diet di SMA Negeri 5 Pekanbaru. Metode: Jenis penelitian ini bersifat kuantitatif dan berdesain deskriftif. Populasi penelitian ini sebanyak 444 orang dengan sampel 82 responden dengan metode pengambilan sampel Simple Random Sampling dengan menggunakan analisa univariat. Instrumen penelitian ini menggunakan kuesioner dan teknik penelitian ini dengan data primer. Hasil: Berdasarkan hasil penelitian bahwa remaja putri di SMA Negeri 5 Pekanbaru berpengetahuan rendah sebanyak 42 responden (51%), bersikap positif sebanyak 43 responden (52%), dan tindakan yang melakukan diet sebanyak 58 responden (71%). Kesimpulan: Bagi responden diharapkan dapat bersikap yang lebih positif mengenai diet, dan dapat melakukan diet dengan benar dan sehat. Kata kunci : Perilaku, Remaja Putri, Diet
Pengetahuan Remaja tentang Infeksi Menular Seksual di SMA Negeri 1 Singaraja Putu Intan Daryaswanti; Priyo Utomo; Ni Made Diah Pusparini Pendet
Jurnal Kesehatan Medika Udayana Vol. 7 No. 02 (2021): Oktober : Jurnal Kesehatan Medika Udayana
Publisher : Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Kesdam IX/Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (163.082 KB) | DOI: 10.47859/jmu.v7i02.93

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Background: Sexually Transmitted Infections are diseases that are transmitted through sexual contact. Most of the sufferers of this disease are adolescents aged 15-24 years. The high risk factor for this disease is adolescents because of the usual premarital sexual behavior. Sexuall transmission disease are still a health problem in various countries. One of the reasons is the relatively low level of adolescent knowledge. The purpose of this study was to describe the level of adolescent knowledge about sexually transmitted infections in SMA Negeri 1 Singaraja. Method: This research uses descriptive method with survey approach. The population in this study were teenagers in SMA Negeri 1 Singaraja with a sample of 293 samples. The sampling technique used in this study was simple random sampling. The measuring instrument in this study used a closed questionnaire with 30 questions. The data is then processed using SPSS. The data analysis method in this research is qualitative data analysis method. Results: The results of the 293 respondents, the knowledge of adolescents about sexually transmitted infections were mostly in the good category. Adolescents with a good level of knowledge were 260 respondents (88.7%), 30 respondents (10.2%) in moderate category, and 3 respondents (1.0%) in poor category. Conclusion: The majority of adolescents' knowledge level about sexually transmitted infections in SMA Negeri 1 Singaraja was in the good category as many as 260 respondents (88.7%). The results of this study are expected to be input for adolescents to always pay attention to their health and as an effort to prevent sexually transmitted infections.
GAMBARAN TINGKAT KECEMASAN PADA PASIEN STROKE DI RUANG BELIBIS RSUD WANGAYA DENPASAR Dewa Ketut Saputra; Ni Made Sri Muryani; I Made Sukarja; Ni Made Wina Krisnayani
Jurnal Kesehatan Medika Udayana Vol. 4 No. 1 (2018): April: Jurnal Kesehatan Medika Udayana
Publisher : Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Kesdam IX/Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (420.338 KB) | DOI: 10.47859/jmu.v4i1.133

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Background: Stroke is a major cause of disability in adults, where four million Americans experience neurological deficits due to stroke, two-thirds of these deficits are moderate to severe. This disease has become a worldwide health problem and is increasingly important, with two-thirds of strokes now occurring in developing countries. Stroke sufferers themselves will experience a psychological response, namely anxiety because in addition to being a life threat, patients will feel anxious about their future. The purpose of this study was to determine the description of the level of anxiety in stroke patients in the Belibis Room of Wangaya Hospital Denpasar. Methode: The type of design used is descriptive design. Data collection was carried out by the researchers themselves using a standard questionnaire sheet, the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS), with the number of respondents 30 people who were Stroke patients in the Belibis room of Wangaya Hospital Denpasar. Result: The results of this study indicate that the majority of stroke patients in the Belibis room of Wangaya Hospital Denpasar experienced moderate anxiety, namely as many as 17 (56.7%) respondents, mild anxiety as many as 6 (20%) respondents, severe anxiety as many as 6 (20%) respondents, panic 0%, and only 1 (3.3%) respondents who did not experience anxiety. Conclusion: Individuals who experience anxiety are mostly aged over 50 years, female sex, high school education, and have private jobs. It is expected that families can provide motivation and positive encouragement to patients.Keywords: Anxiety Level; Stroke Patients
FAKTOR - FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN TERJADINYA HIPERTENSI PADA LANSIA DI PUSKESMAS III DENPASAR UTARA TAHUN 2012 Ratna Wulandari; Kadek Agus Dwija Putra; I Wayan Sandi
Jurnal Kesehatan Medika Udayana Vol. 4 No. 1 (2018): April: Jurnal Kesehatan Medika Udayana
Publisher : Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Kesdam IX/Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (344.975 KB) | DOI: 10.47859/jmu.v4i1.134

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Background: The prevalence of isolated systolic hypertension (HST) is expected to occur approximately 25% in the age group of 60-90 years, and found as much as 59.1% in males and 61.9% in females. This research aims to determine the factors related to the incidence of hypertension in the elderly. Methods: This study uses a descriptive analytical design with the Cross Sectional approach. The research samples used are seniors aged ? 60 years and older with Consecutive Sampling technique in the working area of Puskesmas III North Denpasar. Data retrieval takes place from April to May 2012 by filling out questionnaires, measuring weight, height and blood pressure. The Data obtained is analyzed univariate and bivariate using Chi-Square test. Results: Based on the analysis gained that the factors associated with the occurrence of hypertension in the elderly are The age factor (OR: 10,833; 95% CI: 1,961-59,834), Gender factor (OR: 7,467; 95% CI: 1,400-39,837), Genetic factor (OR: 10,083; 95% CI: 1,658-61,330), Activity factors (OR: 0,095; 95% CI: 0,017-0,529), and the habit of drinking coffee (OR: 15,556; 95% CI: 2,586-93,571). Conclusion: Age, gender, genetic, activity and coffee habits are factors related to hypertension in the elderly. Expected parties are more promoting health programs in the elderly, especially on hypertensive diseasesKeywords: hypertension; elderly; activities; drinking coffee
HUBUNGAN ANTARA POLA ASUH ORANG TUA DENGAN KEMAMPUAN TOILET TRAINING ANAK USIA PRA SEKOLAH DI BANJAR KUTUH KELOD UBUD Ni Kadek Win Oktaviari; Ni Luh Made Asri Dewi; Putu Susy N.A Astini; Kurniasih Widayati
Jurnal Kesehatan Medika Udayana Vol. 4 No. 1 (2018): April: Jurnal Kesehatan Medika Udayana
Publisher : Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Kesdam IX/Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (447.645 KB) | DOI: 10.47859/jmu.v4i1.136

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Background: Toilet training is an attempt to train children to be able to control bowel movements. In Indonesia, it was found that 16% of children aged 6 years were still unable to do toilet training independently. One of the important factors in the success of children in doing toilet training is the parenting style applied by parents in educating children at home. Objective: to find out the relationship between parenting style and toilet training ability in pre-school aged children in Kutuh Kelod Banjar Ubud. Method: This study used an observational analysis design with a cross sectional approach. The study population was pre-school age children in Banjar Kutuh Kelod Ubud with sampling techniques using purposive samling. The instrument of this study used the observation sheet toilet training ability and parenting questionnaire. Analysis of toilet training capabilities with parenting using the Spearmans Rho test. Results: The study showed that most of the parents' parenting styles were democratic as many as 24 people (40%). The results of the Spearmans Rho test were parenting and toilet training abilities with a value of p = 0,000. Conclusion: This study found that there was a significant relationship between parenting care and toilet training abilities of preschoolers.Keywords: Parenting; toilet training; pre-school children
PERILAKU PASIEN DIABETES MELITUS DALAM UPAYA PENCEGAHAN KAKI DIABETIK I Nyoman Sejana; Komang Agus Jerry Widyanata; V.M Endang Sri Purwadmi Rahayu; I Ketut Dira
Jurnal Kesehatan Medika Udayana Vol. 4 No. 1 (2018): April: Jurnal Kesehatan Medika Udayana
Publisher : Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Kesdam IX/Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (467.507 KB) | DOI: 10.47859/jmu.v4i1.138

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Background: Diabetes Mellitus is a disease with high levels of glucose (simple sugar) in the high blood because the body can not release or use insulin adequately. One complication that is feared by people with Diabetes is Diabetic Foot or Diabetic Gangrene. This research aims to determine the behavior of patients with diabetes mellitus in the prevention of diabetic foot in room of Sahadeva and Nakula Sanjiwani Gianyar District Hospital. Methods: Types of research used in this research is descriptive survey approach. Sample of the study are 40 patients with diabetes mellitus hospitalized in the room of Sahadeva and Nakula Sanjiwani Gianyar District Hospital using consecutive sampling technique. Data is collected in the period March to May 2012 by filling out a questionnaire about behavioral prevention of diabetic foot. Results: The results of data analysis showed that the behavior of patients with Diabetes Mellitus in the prevention of Diabetic Foot based on education level, age, gender and occupation. From the 40 respondents there were: 55% of the level of knowledge good, 80% good attitude, 70% good actions and 67,5% good actions in the category of good behavior. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the behavior of patients with Diabetes Mellitus in the prevention of Diabetic Foot is in a good category with the factors assessed including knowledge, attitudes, and actions.Keywords : Diabetes mellitus; diabetic foot; behavioral
TINGKAT KEPATUHAN PASIEN TB PARU TERHADAP PENATALAKSANAAN PROGRAM OAT (OBAT ANTI TUBERKULOSIS) DI POLIKLINIK PARU RSUD SANJIWANI GIANYAR Ni Kadek Ayu Patni Dewi; Ni Made Diah P Pendet; I Made Sukarja; Ni Made Wina Krisnayani
Jurnal Kesehatan Medika Udayana Vol. 4 No. 1 (2018): April: Jurnal Kesehatan Medika Udayana
Publisher : Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Kesdam IX/Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (496.883 KB) | DOI: 10.47859/jmu.v4i1.139

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Introduction :Tubercolosis (TB) diseases is one of the most public health problems in Indonesia. Indonesia known as a the third highest of TB cases in the world after India and China. In 2010, the Ministry of Health In Indonesia reported that patient with TB in worldwide about 5,8 % cases was found in Indonesia. In Indonesia, TB drugs treatments called the OAT Program. The study about the interpersonal factors who can be related to the compliance of patient with TB determined how important the role of doctors and other health professionals to do verbal and non verbal communication with patients. The aim of this study was to describe complianced of patient with TB in OAT program at Sanjiwani general hospital, Gianyar. Method : This was observational descriptive study. Data were collected through questionnaires. The total of patient with TB who participated in this research were 78 collected by consecutive sampling technique. Result :Based on the research, the complianced of patient with TB in OAT program showed that 38 respondent (48,71%) had complianced with the OAT program and 40 respondent (51,28 %) didn’t have compliance with the OAT program. Conclusion :Most of the patient with TB in Sanjiwani general hospital didn’t have compliance with OAT program.Key words: Compliance; OAT program; Tubercolosis.
GAMBARAN PENGETAHUAN IBU TENTANG MAKANAN BERGIZI DAN MPASI PADA BAYI USIA 6-12 BULAN DI POSYANDU DUSUN KANGIN DESA TUSAN BANJARANGKAN KLUNGKUNG Dewa Ayu Ratnawati; Ni Luh Made Asri Dewi
Jurnal Kesehatan Medika Udayana Vol. 4 No. 2 (2018): Oktober: Jurnal Kesehatan Medika Udayana
Publisher : Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Kesdam IX/Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47859/jmu.v4i2.140

Abstract

Background: MPASI is a food transition from breast milk to family food. Giving MPASI should be given to infants aged 6-24 months in stages both from the texture and number of portions. Proper provision of complementary feeding can lead to nutritional problems in infants. Proper processing and administration of MPASI, mothers are required to have sufficient knowledge so that they can create healthy babies. Objective to describe the knowledge of mothers about nutritious food and complementary feeding in infants aged 6-12 months. Method: This study uses an explorative descriptive design. The technique of taking respondents of this study was purposive sampling with a total sample of 25 mothers who had babies aged 6-12 months in Posyandu Dusun Kangin, Tusan Banjarangkan Klungkung Village. Data collection tool in the form of a closed questionnaire. Data analysis uses univariate analysis on a qualitative scale. Results: the study showed the characteristics of respondents, most of whom were aged 21-25 years (56%), working (56%), elementary education (44%), and the level of knowledge of mothers in the less category (40%). Conclusion: This study found that most levels of maternal knowledge about nutritious food and complementary feeding were lacking (40%), so further research is needed on the provision of MPASIKeywords: Knowledge; Solidarity; Infants 6-12 months
GAMBARAN TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN PASIEN TUBERKOLOSIS TENTANG PENCEGAHAN PENULARAN TUBERKOLOSIS Luh Kadek Suteri Bawantari; Kadek Agus Dwija Putra; I Made Sukma Wijaya; Desak Made Srinadi
Jurnal Kesehatan Medika Udayana Vol. 4 No. 2 (2018): Oktober: Jurnal Kesehatan Medika Udayana
Publisher : Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Kesdam IX/Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (232.495 KB) | DOI: 10.47859/jmu.v4i2.141

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Background: Tuberculosis is a major public health problem and Indonesia's future threat. The World Health Organization (WHO) states that Asia is one of the regions with the highest spread of TB in the world. And Indonesia is the third largest contributor in the world with 539,000 cases and 101,000 deaths per year. This study aims to describe the level of knowledge of tuberculosis patients about preventing tuberculosis transmission. Methods: This study uses descriptive analytical design with Cross Sectional approach. The sample in this study were patients who underwent tuberculosis examination and treatment at the Blahbatuh Health Center II in Gianyar Regency, amounting to 30 people, using the Nonprobability sampling sampling technique namely Total sampling. Data collection was carried out by interview using questionnaire guidelines which included prevention of tuberculosis transmission. The data obtained then carried out descriptive statistical analysis using the SPSS program. Results: Based on the analysis of the characteristics of respondents obtained that of the 30 respondents studied, as many as 12 people (40%) respondents aged 41-50 years, 15 people (50%) respondents attended education up to high school (SMA), and as many as 11 people (37%) respondents work in the private sector. Descriptive analysis on the level of knowledge about prevention of tuberculosis transmission found that, as many as 16 people (54%) had a good level of knowledge, 10 people (33%) respondents had sufficient level of knowledge, and 4 people (13%) had less knowledge. Conclusion: Most respondents (54%) had a good level of knowledge, 33% had sufficient level of knowledge and only 13% of respondents had insufficient knowledge about preventing tuberculosis transmission. It is expected that the related parties will be more aggressive in promoting tuberculosis, especially for sufferers and their family members.Keywords: Level of Knowledge; Tuberculosis; Prevention of Transmission   ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Penyakit tuberkulosis merupakan masalah utama kesehatan masyarakat dan ancaman masa depan Indonesia. World Health Organization (WHO), menyatakan Asia termasuk kawasan dengan penyebaran TBC tertinggi di dunia. Dan Indonesia merupakan penyumbang terbesar ke-3 di dunia dengan 539.000 kasus dan 101.000 kematian pertahun. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran tingkat pengetahuan pasien tuberkulosis tentang pencegahan penularan tuberculosis. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain Deskriptif analitik dengan pendekatan Cross Sectional. Sampel pada penelitian ini adalah pasien yang menjalani pemeriksaan dan pengobatan TBC di Puskesmas II Blahbatuh Kabupaten Gianyar yang berjumlah 30 orang, dengan menggunakan teknik sampling Nonprobability sampling yaitu Total sampling. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara wawancara menggunakan pedoman kuesioner yang meliputi tentang pencegahan penularan tuberkulosis. Data yang diperoleh kemudian dilakukan analisis statistic deskriptif menggunakan program spss. Hasil: Berdasarkan analisis pada karakteristik responden diperoleh bahwa dari 30 responden yang diteliti, sebanyak 12 orang (40%) responden berumur 41-50 tahun, 15 orang (50%) responden mengenyam pendidikan hingga sekolah menengah atas (SMA), dan sebanyak 11 orang (37%) responden bekerja di bidang swasta. Analisis deskriptif pada tingkat pengetahuan tentang pencegahan penularan tuberculosis diperoleh bahwa, sebanyak 16 orang (54%) memiliki tingkat pengetahuan baik, 10 orang (33%) responden memiliki tingkat pengetahuan cukup, dan 4 orang (13%) memiliki pengetahuan kurang. Simpulan: Sebagian besar responden (54%) memiliki tingkat pengetahuan baik, 33% memiliki tingkat pengetahuan cukup dan hanya 13% responden yang memiliki pengetahuan kurang tentang pencegahan penularan tuberkulosis. Diharapkan pihak terkait lebih gencar dalam mempromosikan tentang penyakit tuberculosis khususnya pada penderita dan anggota keluarganya.Kata kunci: Tingkat Pengetahuan; Tuberkulosis; Pencegahan Penularan
GAMBARAN UPAYA DALAM MEMENUHI KEBUTUHAN TIDUR LANSIA DI PANTI SOSIAL TRESNA WERDHA JARA MARA PATI SINGARAJA I Putu Arya Wijayantha; I Gede Yudiana Putra; I Gusti Ayu Ari Rasdini; I Nengah Sukanti
Jurnal Kesehatan Medika Udayana Vol. 4 No. 2 (2018): Oktober: Jurnal Kesehatan Medika Udayana
Publisher : Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Kesdam IX/Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (148.294 KB) | DOI: 10.47859/jmu.v4i2.144

Abstract

Backgroud: Elderly is a most vulnerable to disease. Most elderly people have psychological disturbances due to the tension because it is not able to adapt to the changes experienced. One of the impacts caused by stress or emotional tension is sleep disturbance. To solve the emotional stress is needed relax condition or action that is pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic assisting elderly to fall a sleep. This study aims to determine the efforts made in meeting the needs of the elderly sleep. Methods: The method used in this study is structured interviews. Of 60 samples obtained through purposive sampling technique. The data was collected through questionnaires and interviews with the guidelines made by direct questioning of respondents and researchers have known for sure about what information will be obtained.Results: The results obtained after research are most forms of sleep problem in insomnia elderly (53,33%), most of the pharmacologic efforts in meeting the needs of the elderly sleep is taking the herbs (48,33%) and most of the effort in meeting the needs sleep non-pharmacologic elderly is a lifestyle change (48.33%). Conslusion: Based on these results, it is recommended to nurses or nursing staff to be able to make this research as a basis for thinking in meeting the needs of elderly and bed use and the pharmacological action suit non-pharmacologic sleep problems experienced by elderly.Keywords: Requirement of Sleep; Efforts; Elderly;   ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Lansia merupakan suatu individu yang sangat rentan terkena penyakit. Sebagian besar lansia mengalami gangguan psikologis akibat ketegangan karena tidak mampu beradaptasi dengan perubahan yang dialami. Salah satu dampak yang ditimbulkan akibat stress atau ketegangan emosional adalah gangguan tidur. Untuk mengatasi ketegangan emosional dibutuhkan suatu terapi atau tindakan yaitu farmakologi dan nonfarmakologi yang membantu lansia untuk tertidur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui upaya yang dilakukan dalam memenuhi kebutuhan tidur lansia. Metode: Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kegiatan wawancara terstruktur. Sampel berjumlah 60 orang yang didapatkan melalui teknik purposive sampling. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara dengan pedoman kuesioner dan dilakukan dengan tanya jawab langsung pada responden dan peneliti telah mengetahui dengan pasti tentang informasi apa yang akan diperoleh. Hasil: Hasil yang didapatkan setelah melakukan penelitian adalah sebagian besar bentuk masalah tidur lansia adalah insomnia (53,33%), sebagian besar upaya farmakologi dalam memenuhi kebutuhan tidur lansia adalah mengkonsumsi obat herbal (48,33%) dan sebagian besar upaya nonfarmakologi dalam memenuhi kebutuhan tidur lansia adalah merubah gaya hidup (48,33%). Simpulan: Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut, disarankan kepada perawat ataupun petugas panti untuk dapat menjadikan penelitian ini sebagai dasar pemikiran dalam memenuhi kebutuhan tidur lansia dan menggunakan tindakan farmakologi maupun nonfarmakologi sesuai masalah tidur yang dialami lansia.Kata Kunci: Kebutuhan Tidur; Upaya; Lansia.

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