Molekul: Jurnal Ilmiah Kimia
The MOLEKUL is dedicated to fostering advancements in all branches of chemistry and its diverse sub-disciplines. It aims to publish high-quality research encompassing a wide range of topics, including but not limited to Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Biological Activities of Synthetic Drugs, Environmental Chemistry, Biochemistry, Polymer Chemistry, Petroleum Chemistry, and Agricultural Chemistry. By providing a platform for rigorous scientific inquiry and dissemination of knowledge, the journal strives to contribute to the understanding, innovation, and practical applications of chemistry in various fields. We encourage submissions that explore new methodologies, elucidate fundamental principles, address pressing challenges, and demonstrate the potential for real-world impact. Our journal welcomes original research articles, reviews, and perspectives from researchers, scholars, and professionals across the global scientific community, promoting interdisciplinary collaboration and the advancement of chemical sciences. The scope of this journal encompasses a wide range of topics within the field of chemistry, with a particular focus on advancing knowledge and innovation in the following areas: 1. Theoretical Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry: This includes theoretical studies, computational modeling, and experimental investigations related to chemical reactivity, molecular structures, spectroscopy, and the environmental fate and impact of chemicals. 2. Materials Synthesis for Energy and Environmental Applications: The journal welcomes research on the synthesis, characterization, and application of materials for energy storage, catalysis, solar energy conversion, pollution mitigation, and sustainable environmental technologies. 3. Isolation, Purification, and Modification of Biomolecules: Manuscripts addressing the isolation, purification, and modification of biomolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, along with their applications in areas such as biotechnology, drug discovery, and diagnostics, are of particular interest. 4. Fabrication, Development, and Validation of Analytical Methods: The journal encourages submissions focusing on the development and optimization of analytical techniques, including chromatography, spectroscopy, electrochemistry, and mass spectrometry. Topics may include method validation, sample preparation, quality control, and applications in diverse fields.
Articles
83 Documents
<![CDATA[Ointment Formulation of Arumanis Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Leaf Extract with Chitosan Tripoliphosphate Matrix as Antibacterial ]]>
<![CDATA[Dian Riana Ningsih]]>;
<![CDATA[Anung Riapanitra]]>;
<![CDATA[Zusfahair Zusfahair]]>;
<![CDATA[Uyi Sulaeman]]>;
<![CDATA[Istinganatun Khoeriyah]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 18 No 1 (2023) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2023.18.1.5725
<![CDATA[This report presented the synthesis of Arumanis mango (Mangifera indica L.) leaf extract with chitosan tripolyphosphate matrix and its antibacterial activity. This research aimed to obtain an ointment formulation from mango leaf extract with chitosan tripolyphosphate matrix, to figure out the characteristics, including the particle morphology, and to determine the optimum formulation and the characterization of the antibacterial ointment. The research showed that extract morphology with chitosan tripolyphosphate was uneven-edge aggregates. Antibacterial tests were conducted on P. acnes and E. coli bacteria. The formula giving the greatest antibacterial activity was further utilized for the ointment preparations and then was characterized for 16 days. Formula C (chitosan and NaTPP 1: 0.0992(%)) gave the most excellent inhibition zone for P. acnes and E. Coli bacteria, at 7.94 mm and 10.02 mm, respectively. The obtained ointment preparation was white color homogeneous semi-solid with protective properties. The spreading power of the ointment was 5.25 – 6.25 cm, with the adhesive power of 1 – 5 seconds and pH of 6.0 – 6.4. The ointment's antibacterial activity was tested against P. acnes and E. coli bacteria using the formation of inhibition zone method. The activity of ointment prepared on day one against P. acnes and E. coli was at 14.03 mm and 14.24 mm, respectively, while the activity on day 16 against P. acnes and E. coli was at 9.33 mm and 9.98 mm, respectively.]]>
<![CDATA[Toxicity and Antimicrobial Activity of Zerumbon from Zingiber zerumbet Rhizome ]]>
<![CDATA[Hartiwi Diastuti]]>;
<![CDATA[Ari Asnani]]>;
<![CDATA[Eva Vaulina Yulistia Delsy]]>;
<![CDATA[Restu Pamukasari]]>;
<![CDATA[Sri Indriani]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 17 No 3 (2022) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2022.17.3.5808
<![CDATA[Zingiber zerumbet is a medicinal plant that has the potential as a source of bioactive compounds. Zerumbone is a major compound of the essential oil fraction of Z. zerumbet. Research on antimicrobial activity and toxicity of zerumbone is still very limited. In this study, the zerumbone was isolated from Z. zerumbet rhizome and then studied for its potential as an antimicrobial agent and toxicity properties. The isolation of the zerumbone compound was carried out through extraction, fractionation, and purification. The structure of zerumbone was determined by an NMR spectrophotometer (1D and 2D) and GCMS. The toxicity assay was carried out using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method, while the antimicrobial activity assay was carried out using the microdilution method against, Escherichia coli, Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus ceureus, Candida albicans, Malasezia furfur, and Aspergillus sp. The isolation of zerumbone from the n-hexane fraction of Z. zerumbet rhizome obtained a pure compound in the form of white crystals, with a melting point of 65.5 ºC. Toxicity assay of zerumbone was obtained LC50 values of 21.29 µg/mL. The activity assays on the seven test microbes showed potential activities with a range of MIC values of 15.62–250 µg/mL. Zerumbone has the highest activity against Aspergillus sp with the MIC value of 15.62 µg/mL.]]>
<![CDATA[Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant activity of Coprinus comatus ethanol extract in carrageenan-induced rats (Rattus norvegicus) ]]>
<![CDATA[Nuniek Ina Ratnaningtyas]]>;
<![CDATA[Fajar Husen]]>;
<![CDATA[Hernayanti Hernayanti]]>;
<![CDATA[Nuraeni Ekowati]]>;
<![CDATA[Bambang Heru Budianto]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 17 No 3 (2022) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2022.17.3.5815
<![CDATA[oprinus comatus (O.F. Mull.) is an edible mushroom that is used as an anti-inflammatory agent. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effect of inflammation treatment on symptoms alleviating, function maintenance, and inhibiting the process of tissue damage due to an increase in free radicals using drug formulations with high antioxidant compounds. This is a true experiment conducted using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with a post-test and a control group. The rats were divided into 6 categories, which include 1 healthy and 5 groups induced with 1% carrageenan. Out of the treatment groups, 3 were treated with ethanol extract of C. comatus fruiting body at doses of 250 (T1), 500 (T2), and 750 mg/kg BW (T3), 1 received diclofenac sodium (PC) and the other as a negative control (NC), were given extract for 14 days and induced with 0.5 mL carrageenan in paw of rats at day 15. The qualitative identification showed the extracts contains flavonoid, polyphenol, alkaloid, triterpenoid, steroids and saponins, and GC-MS analysis showed 10 putative metabolites compound. T2 group significantly decreased the levels of IL-1β (70.63%), IgE (59.04%), total leukocyte count (31.24%), plantar thickness (12.5%), edema volume (33.3%), and increased endothelial NO levels (48.2%).]]>
<![CDATA[Detoxification of Cadmium on Albino Rats (Rattus norvegicus) with Natural Chelator of Fruiting Body Extract of Ganoderma lucidum ]]>
<![CDATA[Hameda Dhaka Kusuma Taufiq]]>;
<![CDATA[Hernayanti Hernayanti]]>;
<![CDATA[Nuniek Ina Ratnaningtyas]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 18 No 1 (2023) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2023.18.1.5844
<![CDATA[Cadmium is a heavy metal pollutant sourced from various industries and toxic to the kidneys. Cadmium exposure can be used natural chelator of ethanol extract of the fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum. The aim of the study was to determine the effect and effective dose of the ethanolic extract of the fruiting body of G. lucidum on reducing the toxicity effect of cadmium in male albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) Wistar strain. The research design was experimental research, which consisted of 5 treatment levels. The research parameters were blood cadmium, β2-microglobulin, malondialdehyde, and superoxide dismutase levels. The ethanolic extract of fruiting body of G. lucidum was tested by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) to determine linalool as active compounds. The results of each parameter had a significant effect, which decreased blood cadmium, β2M and MDA levels, and increased SOD level that linear according to the addition of the dose of ethanol extract of the fruiting body of G. lucidum. Blood cadmium levels with β2M and MDA levels had a positive correlation, while blood cadmium levels with SOD levels had a negative correlation. The dominant compound detected was linalool which has potential as a radical scavenger. The dose of 750 mg.kgBW-1 is the effective dose of the ethanolic extract of fruiting body of G. lucidum based on a decrease in blood cadmium levels (54.10%), β2M (63.94%) and MDA (20.31%), as well as an increase in SOD levels (14.20%) compared to sick control.]]>
<![CDATA[Conducting Matrices of the Poly(-O-Toluidine, PTOL) Film for Immobilizing Uricase ]]>
<![CDATA[Dhony Hermanto]]>;
<![CDATA[Nurul Ismillayli]]>;
<![CDATA[Ulul Khairi Zuryati]]>;
<![CDATA[Siti Raudhatul Kamali]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 17 No 2 (2022) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2022.17.2.5851
<![CDATA[Polyaniline, PANI as conducting polymer has been used as enzyme immobilization matrix in biosensors due to its excellent stability and electrochromic effects, conductivity, and redox reversibility. However, at pH above 4, the electron transfer ability and redox activity decrease, henceit is necessary to modify the PANI structure to increase the PANI pH range. In this study, the PANI derivative, the poly(-o-toluidine, PTOL) film was produced for the uricase immobilization matrix. This study aimed to develop a supporting material that maintains catalytic activity uricase with a facile and inexpensive procedure. The PTOL was prepared by using the chemical oxidative polymerization technique with ammonium persulfate (dissolved in 1.0 M HCl) as an oxidizing agent. The FTIR spectra confirmed the success of PTOL formation by the appearance of its characteristic peaks. The UV-Vis spectra indicated that PTOL was in an emeraldine state with a semi-crystalline structure that was shown by its XRD pattern. While, SEM analysis described that the PTOL film was uniform with some granular aggregation in its surface morphology, but there is no holes or porosity were found. The use of PTOL film as a uricase matrix could maintain the uricase activity against the substrate (uric acid, UA) with excellent analytical characteristics. Therefore, PTOL film could be used as conducting matrices for immobilizing enzymes (e.g. biosensors).]]>
<![CDATA[Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Solid-Phase Extraction (MISPE) for the Determination of Dinitro-ortho-cresol (DNOC) and Its Risk Assessment in Tomatoes ]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 18 No 1 (2023) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2023.18.1.5852
<![CDATA[In this study, the molecularly imprinted polymer solid-phase extraction (MISPE) method for the determination of dinitro-ortho-cresol (DNOC) before HPLC (High-performance liquid chromatography) analysis was conducted. This study aims to analyze the sorption behavior and the potential use of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) for DNOC extraction. MIP was prepared using a combination of methacrylic acid as the functional monomer; ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the crosslinker, benzoyl peroxide as the initiator, and acetonitrile as the porogen. The results showed that the optimum adsorption of the material was achieved at pH 5 for a contact time of 30 min with an adsorption capacity of 137 mg/g. The ideal eluent for desorption was a mixture of methanol and acetic acid with a ratio of 3:1. The calculations showed that the adsorption process followed the Sips adsorption isotherm model (n = 0.967), which indicated adsorption on both homogeneous and monolayer surfaces. Reusability studies that were conducted via three consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles resulted in recovery values of 109.4%, 108.8%, and 101.1%. The concentration of DNOC obtained from tomato samples was 0.65 mg/kg with a recovery rate of 87.17%; this was within the tolerable range between 80% and 110%. Based on the high recovery and low LoQ, this method can be used to quantify DNOC quickly.]]>
<![CDATA[Preliminary Phytochemical Studies, GC-MS Analysis, and Anti-Nephrototic Activity of Ethanol Extract of Phoenix dactylifera L ]]>
<![CDATA[Warsinah Warsinah]]>;
<![CDATA[Eka Prasasti Nur Rachmani]]>;
<![CDATA[Hartiwi Diastuti]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 17 No 3 (2022) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2022.17.3.5881
<![CDATA[Date palm seeds (Phoenix dactylifera L.) are known to contain phenolic compounds that have the potential as natural nephroprotective agents. Phenolics with solvents suitable for polarity and compounds identified by phytochemical screening, GC-MS analysis, and activity assays. This research went through 3 stages, screening with exploration and qualitative analysis of GCMS. The anti-nephrotoxic activity test used a pre-posttest controlled group design. In this study, rats have divided into six groups, namely Healthy control, negative control, and three treatment groups with ethanol extract of dates 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg. Mice were induced with 1% carrageenan twice a week. On macroscopic observation, date palm seeds are oval with indentations and light brown with a hard texture. Microscopic profile, endosperm, parenchyma, endocarp, stone cells, collenchyma, starch, oil cells, and carrier bundles. Physicochemical analysis, water content (8%), ash content (1.15%), fiber content (14.96%), and ethanol soluble extract content (10.3%). GC-MS analysis showed phenol,2,6-bis(1,1-dimethyl ethyl)-4-methyl, 1,2-benzene dicarboxylic, and dihydromethyl jasmonate. A dose extract ethanol of 600 mg/kg BW reduces urea and creatinine levels up to 8,3 mg/dl and 0.132 mg/dl. The conclusion of the phytochemical study obtained a pharmacognostic profile. The GCMS analysis obtained the compound. The activity of the ethanol extract of date palm seeds can reduce urea and creatinine levels so that it developed as an anti-nephrotoxic alternative from natural ingredients.]]>
<![CDATA[Use of Calixarenes Bearing Benzoyl Groups for the Adsorption of Heavy Metals Cations: Equilibrium and Kinetics Studies ]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 18 No 1 (2023) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2023.18.1.5911
<![CDATA[This study aims to examine the potential of p-tert-butylkalix[4]arene derivatives, namely 5,11,17,23-tetra-tert-butyl-25,26,27,28-tetrahydroxy-calix[4]arene (TBCA), and 5,11,17,23-tetra-tert-butyl-25-monohydroxy-26,27,28-tribenzoyloxycalix[4]arene (TBMTCA) as adsorbent for metal cations, such as Pb(II) and Fe(III). The synthesized compounds were characterized using FT-IR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The adsorption studies were then carried out with contact time as a parameter, while the kinetics were evaluated using the Lagergren and Ho-McKay equations. The isotherms were analyzed using the Langmuir and Freundlich equations. For the kinetics of TBCA adsorbents, Pb(II) cations followed the Ho-McKay model, while Fe(III) was based on Lagergren. Furthermore, for the TBMTCA adsorbent, Pb(II) followed the Lagergren kinetic model, while Fe(III) was based on the Ho-McKay. The cation adsorption isotherms of Pb(II)-TBCA, Pb(II)-TBMTCA, Fe(III)-TBCA, and Fe(III)-TBMTCA are more in line with the Langmuir model. These results indicate that they can be used as heavy metal adsorbents, and recycled to increase their economic value.]]>
<![CDATA[Kinetic Parameters Investigation for The Esterification of Free Fatty Acid from Coconut Oil Mill Waste using Montmorillonite-Sulfonated Carbon from Glucose Composite Catalyst ]]>
<![CDATA[Hasanudin Hasanudin]]>;
<![CDATA[Wan Ryan Asri]]>;
<![CDATA[Widia Purwaningrum]]>;
<![CDATA[Fahma Riyanti]]>;
<![CDATA[Novia Novia]]>;
<![CDATA[Roni Maryana]]>;
<![CDATA[Muhammad Al Muttaqii]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 17 No 3 (2022) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2022.17.3.5925
<![CDATA[Coconut oil mill waste (CMW) contained high free fatty acid (FFA) content which potentially could be converted into a value-added product such as fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). In this study, a montmorillonite-sulfonated carbon catalyst was used to evaluate the kinetic parameter of FFA conversion from CMW into FAME. The characterization of FTIR and SEM-EDX confirmed that the -SO3H groups were successfully incorporated into montmorillonite- carbon catalyst. The highest catalyst acidity (9.4 mmol/g) was achieved by a ratio of montmorillonite to sulfonated carbon of 1:3 % w/w. The kinetic study using montmorillonite-sulfonated carbon 1:3 % w/w showed that the reaction temperature and molar ratio of methanol to FFA (% v/v) were positively correlated to the reaction rate. The highest rate constant of esterification towards the product (k1), reactant (k2), and equilibrium were 0.1187, 0.0595, and 1.995, achieved by a temperature of 80 ˚C, respectively. The Arrhenius constant and activation energy towards the product were 3.3085×106 and 50.3 J/mole, respectively. The reaction temperature was positively correlated to the equilibrium constant, which indicated that the reaction was endothermic. The kinetic model validation revealed that the predicted value from the model was adequately in accordance with the experimental value, as indicated by a high coefficient of determination.]]>
<![CDATA[Synthesis of Ionophore from p-t-Butyl-(carboxymethoxy)calix[4]arene Substituted Amide ]]>
<![CDATA[Nasriadi Dali]]>;
<![CDATA[Seniwati Dali]]>;
<![CDATA[Armadi Chairunnas]]>;
<![CDATA[Hilda Ayu Melvi Amalia]]>;
<![CDATA[Sri Ayu Andini Puspitasari]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 18 No 1 (2023) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2023.18.1.5927
<![CDATA[The ionophore has been successfully synthesized from p-t-butyl(carboxymethoxy)calix[4]arene subtituted amide. The ionophore was obtained in two steps of the synthesis reaction. The first step is the chlorination reaction of p-t-butyl(carboxymethoxy)calix[4]arene with thionyl chloride in dry benzene solvent. The product of the chlorination reaction is p-t-butyl(chloroacetylmethoxy)calix[4]arene in the form of the light brown viscous liquid with the rendemen of 78.25% and TLC (SiO2, CH3OH : CH2Cl2 = 1 : 1 v/v, Rf = 0.65). The second step is the amidation reaction of p-t-butyl(chloroacetylmethoxy) calix[4]arene with dimethylamine in dry tetrahydrofuran solvent. The product of the amidation reaction is p-t-butyl(dimethylcarbamoylmethoxy)-calix[4]arene or the DIMECAC4ND3 ionophore in the form of white solid with the rendemen of 60.75%, a melting point of 277-279 °C, and TLC (SiO2, CH3OH : CH2Cl2 = 1 : 1 v/v, Rf = 0.82).]]>
