Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan
This journal presents articles and information on research, development and applications in biomass conversion processes (thermo-chemical conversion; physico-chemical conversion and bio-chemical conversion) and equipment to produce fuels, power, heat, and value-added chemicals from biomass. A biorefinery takes advantage of the various components in biomass and their intermediates therefore maximizing the value derived from the biomass feedstock. A biorefinery could, for example, produce one or several low-volume, but high-value, chemical or nutraceutical products and a low-value, but high-volume liquid transportation fuel such as biodiesel or bioethanol (see also alcohol fuel). The high-value products increase profitability, the high-volume fuel helps meet energy needs, and the power production helps to lower energy costs and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from traditional power plant facilities. Future biorefineries may play a major role in producing chemicals and materials that are traditionally produced from petroleum.
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<![CDATA[Effect of Equivalence Ratio on the Rice Husk Gasification Performance Using Updraft Gasifier with Air Suction Mode ]]>
<![CDATA[Hendriyana, Hendriyana]]>
<![CDATA[ Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 9, No 1 (2020): June 2020 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2] ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Negeri Semarang ]]>
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DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v9i1.23527
<![CDATA[Rice husk is the waste from agriculture industries that has high potential to produce heat and electricity through the gasification process. Air suction mode is new development for updraft rice husk gasification, where blower are placed at output of gasifier. The objective of this research is to examine these new configuration at several equivalence ratio. The equivalence ratio was varied at 32% and 49% to study temperature profile on gasifier, producer gas volumetric flow rate, composition of producer gas, producer gas heating value, cold gas efficiency and carbon conversion. The time needed to consume rice husk and reach an oxidation temperature of more than 700oC for equivalence ratio of 49% is shorter than 32%. Producer gas rate production per unit weight of rice husk increase from 2.03 Nm3/kg and 2.36 Nm3/kg for equivalence ratio of 32% and 49%, respectively. Composition producer gas for equivalence ratio of 32% is 17.67% CO, 15.39% CO2, 2.87% CH4, 10.62% H2 and 53.45% N2 and 49% is 19.46% CO, 5.94% CO2, 0.90% CH4, 3.46% H2 and 70.24% N2. Producer gas heating value for equivalence ratio 32% and 49% is 4.73 MJ/Nm3 and 3.27 MJ/Nm3, respectively. Cold gas efficiency of the gasifier at equivalence ratio 32% is 69% and at 49% is 55%.]]>
<![CDATA[Refuse Derived Fuel Production through Biodrying Process (Case study: Solid Waste from Canteens) ]]>
<![CDATA[Chaerul, Mochammad]]>;
<![CDATA[Fakhrunnisa, Afifah]]>
<![CDATA[ Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 9, No 1 (2020): June 2020 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2] ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Negeri Semarang ]]>
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DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v9i1.24609
<![CDATA[Due to its calorific value, wastes could be treated into Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) through several processes. In order to get higher calorific value, moisture content in the wastes could be removed by utilizing the heat generated from decomposition of organic fraction by microorganism (biodrying process). The study aims to treat solid wastes generated from canteens in Ganesha Campus of Institut Teknologi Bandung into RDF through biodrying process. Through standard sampling procedure, total waste generated from 59 canteens was 228 kg/day and organic fraction became the dominant (74%). There were 3 biodrying piles prepared, namely aeration, windrow, and control pile. Temperature in all piles increased in first and second weeks, then it gradually decreased and the average temperature were between 23-48 oC. The heat generated during the process could be remove water content and the optimum time 17-22 days could reach 20-30% of moisture content. The highest calorific value could be obtained from aerated pile (14.98 MJ/kg). By considering several parameters, the best RDF were produced from aerated pile. The parameters which still did not comply with the international standard of RDF were ash content, fixed carbon, and organic carbon. The quality of RDF was affected significantly by the composition of the feed. Though it could not meet with all parameters as an international standard of RDF, the product could be used as co-fuel to substitute coal or other fossil fuels for industrial activities. By knowing that the wastes could be converted into valuable product, the local municipality may shift the conventional paradigm of the waste management which is only collect-haul-dispose into a new paradigm by prioritizing waste recycle.]]>
<![CDATA[Optimization of Bioethanol Synthesis from Durian Seeds Using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae in Fermentation Process ]]>
<![CDATA[Masturi, Masturi]]>;
<![CDATA[Alighiri, Dante]]>;
<![CDATA[Dwijananti, Pratiwi]]>;
<![CDATA[Widodo, Rahmat Doni]]>;
<![CDATA[Budiyanto, Saraswati Putri]]>;
<![CDATA[Drastisianti, Apriliana]]>
<![CDATA[ Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 9, No 1 (2020): June 2020 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2] ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Negeri Semarang ]]>
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DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v9i1.23574
<![CDATA[Bioethanol is an alternative energy of environmentally friendly as a substitute for petroleum. Sucrose, starch, and fibrous cellulose (lignocellulose) are the main ingredients for bioethanol production. The material is very easy and abundant to get from the waste of agricultural crops. One of these agricultural wastes in Indonesia that have not been used optimally is durian seeds. Durian seeds only become waste and are not commercially useful, even though they contain high carbohydrates, which is possible as a potential new source for bioethanol production. In this work, an experimental study was conducted on bioethanol synthesis from durian seeds through fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast in aerobic fermenter. The process for the production of starch-based bioethanol includes milling, hydrolysis, detoxification, fermentation, and distillation. At the stage of fermentation, variations in the duration of fermentation were applied for 1-11 days. Carbohydrates contained in durian seed flour are 11.541%, which is the largest content. The highest result of ethanol content is 14.72 % (v/v) in 9 day fermentation periods by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae in aerobic conditions. Distillation to enrich bioethanol was carried out by batch vacuum distillation at 68°C for ± 180 minutes and produced bioethanol with a purity of 95%.]]>
<![CDATA[Clove Oil Extraction by Steam Distillation and Utilization of Clove Buds Waste as Potential Candidate for Eco-Friendly Packaging ]]>
<![CDATA[Ratri, Paramita Jaya]]>;
<![CDATA[Ayurini, Meri]]>;
<![CDATA[Khumaini, Khabib]]>;
<![CDATA[Rohbiya, Azka]]>
<![CDATA[ Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 9, No 1 (2020): June 2020 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2] ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Negeri Semarang ]]>
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DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v9i1.24935
<![CDATA[As a tropical country which has abundant of spices, Indonesia is challenged to increase the economic values of spices commodity in raw material form (wet or dry). One way to raise the economic values of these commodities is by modifying into its derivatives. Clove is one of spices commodity which can be processed furthermore into an essential oil. By transforming clove from raw material to essential oil, the economic value increases from 2 to 20 times per kilogram. In this present research, the extraction time of clove oil using steam hydro distillation is reported. The distillation procedure was conducted in various times, that was in 3, 4, 5, and 6 hours. Furthermore, the clove oil sample that obtained from optimum extraction time was characterized using FTIR and GCMS. Then the result was compared to the commercial clove oil (100 % of purity). In support of sustainability process, then the clove buds waste from steam distillation were challenging to be one of eco-friendly packaging candidates. Two compositions of waste and additional material have been investigated in this study. It found that the best composition was composed of clove buds waste powder: recycled paper (7:3). During the casting process, some additives material was added such as tapioca (20%) and chitosan (1 %) in acid solution in order to improve its mechanical properties. Furthermore, thermal degradability of the eco-friendly packaging was studied. It was started to degrade at 286.58oC. According to this research, the cloves buds’ cardboard was quite potential to be developed as commercial eco-friendly packaging.]]>
<![CDATA[Strategies for Lignin Pretreatment, Decomposition and Modification: A Review ]]>
<![CDATA[Tolesa, Leta Deressa]]>;
<![CDATA[Lee, Ming-Jer]]>
<![CDATA[ Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 9, No 1 (2020): June 2020 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2] ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Negeri Semarang ]]>
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DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v9i1.23392
<![CDATA[The dependency of chemical industry on nonrenewable sources of energy such as petroleum based carbon feedstock is rising dramatically day to day. Nonetheless, global warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions threatens the environment balance and the climate stability. Accordingly, it is necessary to find a renewable resource to decrease the environmental concern, specifically gaseous emissions from fossil fuels and to provide the energy stock. Outstanding to the significance of lignocellulosic biomass as most remedy to the current environmental issues and substituent of nonrenewable source of energy, this review affords understandings about the role of lignin as polymer and raw material for large molecules. In this review article, types of lignin with their extraction methods, fractionation technology to valuable chemicals, modification of the macromolecules to other polymers with tunableproperties, and an extensive range of applications are discussed widely. The major valuable chemicals produced from lignin via chemical depolymerization are also summarized and illustrated with their molecular structures.]]>
<![CDATA[The Production of Liquid Fuel from Plastic Wastes by Using Waste Garbage Power Plant: Study on the Effect of Electric Load and Fuel/Gasoline to Solar Ratio ]]>
<![CDATA[Roni, Kiagus Ahmad]]>;
<![CDATA[Mufrodi, Zahrul]]>;
<![CDATA[Mustakim, Imam]]>
<![CDATA[ Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 9, No 1 (2020): June 2020 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2] ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Negeri Semarang ]]>
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DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v9i1.23231
<![CDATA[The type of plastic waste that is often a problem in many cities in Indonesia is Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), his is due to the plastic waste plastic waste bags has no longer economic value. One of the goals of plastic waste processing is usng it as a raw material for the Waste Garbage Power Plant (PLTSa). The most profitable in handling plastic waste by converting plastic waste into fuel oil as an alternative energy source because plastic is basically derived from petroleum. Plastic also has a fairly high heating value equivalent to gasoline and diesel fuel. Some studies related to plastic processing have not been integrated from the production process to downstream products in the form of electric products to get the overall level of plant efficiency. Therefore a research of plastic waste power plants needs to be done at the prototype level to determine the performance of the fuel and the level of efficiency of the resulting assemblers. The Pyrolysis Reactor Prototype Unit can be used to convert plastic bottle waste into liquid fuel with a yield of 56.26% carried out at a process temperature of 170 oC and the resulting heating value reaches 19644 Btu/lb close to the heating value of Pertamina Gasoline. The generator system performance test for the liquid fuel mixture (BBC) with Gasoline and Diesel has an optimal mixture ratio in the BBC - Bensi / Solar mixture 3: 2 with an optimal load of 800 Watt. In the generator system performance test for liquid fuel mixture (BBC) with Gasoline/Diesel is more optimal for comparison of BBC fuel with Gasoline, because for the BBC mixture with Gasoline in all generator system comparison values occur ignition. Whereas BBC with Solar does not ignite at a ratio of 0: 5, 1: 4 and 2: 3.]]>
<![CDATA[Recovery of Minor Palm Oil Compounds Using Packed Bed Adsorption Column ]]>
<![CDATA[Bahrun, Mohd Hardyianto Vai]]>;
<![CDATA[Bono, Awang]]>;
<![CDATA[Dzilrazman, Nur Kamaliyah]]>;
<![CDATA[Kamin, Zykamilia]]>
<![CDATA[ Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 9, No 1 (2020): June 2020 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2] ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Negeri Semarang ]]>
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DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v9i1.23461
<![CDATA[Carotene and tocopherol are valuable products that exist as minor compounds in palm oil and mostly extracted out during many stages of palm oil processing. Hence, most of it ended up in wastewater or palm oil mill effluent (POME). Fortunately, adsorption is potentially one of the most efficient method as compared to the others. In fact, it is widely studied in laboratory scale, in order to obtain equilibrium data for the steady state system. However, industrial practices are mostly operated in unsteady state in a continuous manner. Consequently, this study is executed to design a recovery process of one of the minor compounds in palm oil mill effluent (POME), which is carotene, using silica gel. It aims to predict the dynamic adsorption of recovery of minor compounds from palm oil mill effluent based on available equilibrium data, investigate the effects of dynamic and physical properties of the system towards the process by analyzing the breakthrough curve and study the feasibility of the scale up process by performing a sensitivity analysis on the system. Then, a base simulation was prepared by using available equilibrium data. Operating and design parameters such as, bed height, inlet flowrate and concentration were manipulated. Consistent with previous packed column studies, increase flow and concentration will reduce the time required for the column to achieve saturation, while increase bed height effects were vice versa. Finally, the last objective to achieve was to study the practicality of the packed bed column and perform a sensitivity on assumptions and predictions such as predicted mass transfer coefficient and isotherm model. It is proven that the selection of isotherm model and prediction in coefficient did not pose a large impact to the breakthrough curve and the average time required for the column of 1.5 m tall and 0.8 in diameter, to reach breakthrough time is 1.7 days. Hence, it can be concluded that adsorption technology using silica gel as its adsorbent can be applied is recovering minor compounds in palm oil mills.]]>
<![CDATA[Pyrolysis of Palm Kernel Shell to Chemicals by Using Bayah Natural Zeolites ]]>
<![CDATA[Suhendi, Endang]]>;
<![CDATA[Naibaho, Pipiet P.U.]]>;
<![CDATA[Fauzan, Eka R.]]>;
<![CDATA[Kurniawan, Teguh]]>
<![CDATA[ Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 9, No 1 (2020): June 2020 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2] ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Negeri Semarang ]]>
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DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v9i1.22250
<![CDATA[Palm kernel shell (PKS) is one of the biomass with high potential that can be converted into chemicals. In this study, palm kernel shell (PKS) was converted by pyrolysis method to produce condensed liquid products, gas, and solid. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of catalyst activation time on yields and characteristics of PKS waste pyrolysis products. The pyrolysis process was carried out at a temperature of 500oC. Based on the results obtained with the addition of catalysts at 7 hr of activation can reduce the yield of solid products by 1.5% wt and 9.01% wt of liquid and increase the yield of gas products by 10.51% wt. On the characteristics of solid product there is a decrease in volatile matter by 55.04% wt and an increase fixed carbon by 40.27% wt. The gas characteristics, the H2 and CO gas decreases by 5.43% v/v and 1.36% v/v and the increase in CH4 and CO2 gas by 1.07% v/v and 5.72% v/v. Characteristics of the liquid obtained an increase in the amount of acetic acid by 11.75% v/v and decrease phenol compounds by 13.08% v/v. The result liquid product can be applied as a chemical.]]>
<![CDATA[Recovery of Minor Palm Oil Compounds Using Packed Bed Adsorption Column ]]>
<![CDATA[ Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 9, No 1 (2020): June 2020 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2] ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Negeri Semarang ]]>
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DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v9i1.23461
<![CDATA[Carotene and tocopherol are valuable products that exist as minor compounds in palm oil and mostly extracted out during many stages of palm oil processing. Hence, most of it ended up in wastewater or palm oil mill effluent (POME). Fortunately, adsorption is potentially one of the most efficient method as compared to the others. In fact, it is widely studied in laboratory scale, in order to obtain equilibrium data for the steady state system. However, industrial practices are mostly operated in unsteady state in a continuous manner. Consequently, this study is executed to design a recovery process of one of the minor compounds in palm oil mill effluent (POME), which is carotene, using silica gel. It aims to predict the dynamic adsorption of recovery of minor compounds from palm oil mill effluent based on available equilibrium data, investigate the effects of dynamic and physical properties of the system towards the process by analyzing the breakthrough curve and study the feasibility of the scale up process by performing a sensitivity analysis on the system. Then, a base simulation was prepared by using available equilibrium data. Operating and design parameters such as, bed height, inlet flowrate and concentration were manipulated. Consistent with previous packed column studies, increase flow and concentration will reduce the time required for the column to achieve saturation, while increase bed height effects were vice versa. Finally, the last objective to achieve was to study the practicality of the packed bed column and perform a sensitivity on assumptions and predictions such as predicted mass transfer coefficient and isotherm model. It is proven that the selection of isotherm model and prediction in coefficient did not pose a large impact to the breakthrough curve and the average time required for the column of 1.5 m tall and 0.8 in diameter, to reach breakthrough time is 1.7 days. Hence, it can be concluded that adsorption technology using silica gel as its adsorbent can be applied is recovering minor compounds in palm oil mills.]]>
<![CDATA[Pyrolysis of Palm Kernel Shell to Chemicals by Using Bayah Natural Zeolites ]]>
<![CDATA[ Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 9, No 1 (2020): June 2020 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2] ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Negeri Semarang ]]>
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DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v9i1.22250
<![CDATA[Palm kernel shell (PKS) is one of the biomass with high potential that can be converted into chemicals. In this study, palm kernel shell (PKS) was converted by pyrolysis method to produce condensed liquid products, gas, and solid. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of catalyst activation time on yields and characteristics of PKS waste pyrolysis products. The pyrolysis process was carried out at a temperature of 500oC. Based on the results obtained with the addition of catalysts at 7 hr of activation can reduce the yield of solid products by 1.5% wt and 9.01% wt of liquid and increase the yield of gas products by 10.51% wt. On the characteristics of solid product there is a decrease in volatile matter by 55.04% wt and an increase fixed carbon by 40.27% wt. The gas characteristics, the H2 and CO gas decreases by 5.43% v/v and 1.36% v/v and the increase in CH4 and CO2 gas by 1.07% v/v and 5.72% v/v. Characteristics of the liquid obtained an increase in the amount of acetic acid by 11.75% v/v and decrease phenol compounds by 13.08% v/v. The result liquid product can be applied as a chemical.]]>
