Garuda - Garba Rujukan Digital

The Strategy of the Gantar Village Government in the Management of Village Funds Ahmad Cahyadi; Abdur Rahim
STAATSRECHT: Indonesian Constitutional Law Journal Vol 5, No 2 (2021)
Publisher : UIN JAKARTA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/siclj.v5i2.23971

Village Funds have an important role in improving the economy of rural communities. Thus the utilization and allocation are effective and efficient. The purpose of the study was to determine the management of village funds according to Law Number 6 of 2014 Fiqh Siyasah (Study in Gantar Village, Gantar District, Indramayu Regency). This study uses a qualitative approach. Data collection techniques in observational research, interviews and documentation. The results of the research on the management of Gantar village funds, Gantar sub-district, Indramayu district, have been good, it can be seen from the progress of the village which is increasing rapidly. Financial management consists of: 1) Planning 2) Implementation 3) Administration 4) Reporting 5) Village financial accountability The village head as the party authorized to approve an expenditure plan.

Implementasi Disiplin Aparatur Desa di Desa Gantar Kecamatan Gantar Kabupaten Indramayu Patkur Rohman; Abdur Rahim
STAATSRECHT: Indonesian Constitutional Law Journal Vol 4, No 2 (2020)
Publisher : UIN JAKARTA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/siclj.v4i2.18954

AbstractThe performance of village office staffs that still has many weakness related to the recruitment which was based on the family relation and not based on professionalism and also there were many public service that did not run well and smoothly. Islam rules this life based on Al-Qur’an and Hadith and it has good management in regulating the government by prioritizing the education of aqidah Islamiyah as the base of organizing the country and nurturing the noble attitude and behavior. The researcher was interested and encouraged to study and investigate the discipline of village office staffs especially at Gantar Village The aims of this research are to find out how is the discipline of village officestaffs in running their daily duties and how is the discipline implementation of village office staffs according to The Law Number 6 in 2014. This research employed analytical descriptive research by describing the discipline practice applied by the village chief of Gantar as the person in charge of the village government. The results of this research, it is found out that the work discipline expected by the government through The Law Number 6 in 2014 for each staff of village office at Gantar Village is less maximal. This was proven by the village office staff who did not obey the work hours either when it supposed to be started or when it supposed to go home, even the performance is still very poor. The control of the village chief as the executif officer at the village is not maximal yet. There are still some village office staffs that are not active for three months but still free of any reprimand letter, sanction until firing based on the suggestion from BPD (The Board of Village Representative) and The Law Number 6 in 2014. This condition is complained by most of the villagers because they need good public service. Keywords: Discipline, Village office Staffs, Islamic Law, The Law Number 6 in 2014AbstrakKinerja Aparatur ditingkat desa masih banyak terdapat kekurangan terkait dengan rekrutment yang didasari dengan orang-orang dekat bukan karena profesionalitas, dan masih banyaknya pelayanan publik yang seharusnya dilayani oleh aparatur desa belum berjalan dengan lancar. Islam mengatur tata kehidupan dengan landasan al-Quran dan Hadist, Islam mempunyai manjemen yang baik dalam mengatur pemerintahan dengan mengedepankan pendidikan aqidah Islamiyah sebagai dasar bernegara, pembinaan ahlaq dan penjelasan secara teratur. Penulis tertarik dan terdorong untuk mengkaji dan meneliti tentang Implementasi Disiplin Aparatur Desa, khususnya yang berada di Desa Gantar, bagaimana disiplin aparatur desa dalam mejalankan tugas setiap harinya. Bagaimana implementasi disiplin aparatur desa menurut UU No.6 Tahun 2014. Penelitian ini mengunakan metode deskriptif analitik dengan cara menggambarkan praktek disiplin yang diterapkan oleh kepala Desa Gantar selaku penanggungjawab Pemerinatahan desa. Hasil penelitian ini diketahui bahwa disiplin kerja yang telah dicanangkan oleh pemerintah melalui UU No. 6 Tahun 2014 bagi setiap aparatur desa gantar kurang maksimal hasilnya. Hal ini terbukti masih adanya Aparat Desa yang tidak mengindahkan jam kerja baik sewaktu mulai kerja maupun jam pulang, bahkan kinerjanya masih tumpang tindih. Kontrol kepala desa sebagai Pejabat eksekutif di desa belum maksimal. Masih terdapat beberapa aparat desa yang tidak aktif selama 3 bulan tapi belum mendapatkan surat teguran, sanksi hingga pemecatan sesuai dengan saran dari BPD (Badan Pengawas Desa) dan UU No.6 Tahun 2014. Kondisi ini dikeluhkan oleh sebagian warga yang perlu pelayanan publik.Kata kunci: Disiplin, Aparatur desa, Hukum Islam, UU No. 6 Tahun 2014

Peran Kepala Desa Dalam Pelaksanaan Pembangunan Menurut Undang-Undang Desa dan Fiqh Siyasah; Studi Kasus Desa Mekarjati Kecamatan Haurgeulis Kabupaten Indramayu Susanto Susanto; Abdur Rahim
JOURNAL of LEGAL RESEARCH Vol 3, No 1 (2021)
Publisher : Faculty of Sharia and Law State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/jlr.v3i1.19706

The performance of a village head as head of village government must be able to carry out its main duties, namely leading and coordinating the village administration in implementing village development. The role of the village head is one aspect that stands out and affects the success of village development. The village head is assisted by village officials, as an element of village government administration. The formulation of the problem in this research is "What is the Role of the Village Head in the Implementation of Development in Mekarjati Village, Haurgeulis Subdistrict, Indramayu Regency" and "How the Siyasah Fiqh Review and the Village Law on the Role of the Village Head in Implementing Development in Mekarjati Village". The purpose of this research is "To know the role of the village head in the implementation of village development, and" to know the Siyasah Fiqh Overview of the role of the village head in the implementation of village development." This type of research is classified as field research (field research), which is descriptive analysis, namely research that tells and describes data originating from primary data through interviews, observations and reports in the form of documents and secondary data by conducting library research. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the role of the Mekarjati Village Head, in the implementation of village development in general, there are still some that are not optimal. It can be seen that there are still some developments that have not been carried out optimally, such as the development of education and environmental security systems (Siskamling).Keywords: Role, Village Head, Implementation, Development, Village Law, Fiqh Siyasah

Eksistensi Badan Permusyawaratan Desa Dalam Pembentukan Peraturan Desa Di Desa Mekarjaya Perspektif Musyawarah Dalam Islam Ahmad Subandi; Abdur Rahim
SALAM: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya Syar-i Vol 6, No 5 (2019)
Publisher : Faculty of Sharia and Law UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/sjsbs.v6i5.20858

The Village Consultative Body (BPD) has the right to submit proposals for draft village regulations. For this reason, the role of the Village Consultative Body (BPD) is needed in formulating the regulations established with the Village Head. There are indications that the Village Consultative Body has not carried out its duties and authorities to the fullest. This study used qualitative methods, while the data were obtained by means of observation and interviews, and supported by secondary data. The results showed that the Village Consultative Body (BPD) in Mekarjaya Village had carried out its main tasks and functions, namely establishing Village Regulations with the Village Head, accommodating and channeling community aspirations properly. This is evidenced by the ability of the co-chairs of the Mekarjaya BPD members who not only accommodate and channel aspirations, but the BPD also realizes these aspirations in the form of Village Regulations although not all aspirations are made into Village Regulations.Keywords: BPD Existence; Formation; Village Regulation AbstrakBadan Permusyawaratan Desa (BPD) berhak mengajukan usulan rancangan peraturan desa. Untuk itu diperlukan peran Badan Permusyawaratan Desa (BPD) dalam merumuskan peraturan-peraturan yang ditetapkan bersama Kepala Desa. Ada indikasi bahwa Badan Permusyawaratan Desa belum menjalankan tugas dan wewenangnya secara maksimal. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif, sedang data diperoleh dengan cara observasi dan wawancara, serta ditunjang oleh data sekunder. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Badan Permusyawaratan Desa (BPD) di Desa Mekarjaya telah melaksanakan tugas pokok dan fungsinya yaitu menetapkan Peraturan Desa bersama Kepala Desa, menampung dan menyalurkan aspirasi masyarakat dengan baik. Hal ini terbukti dengan kemampuan ketua bersama anggota BPD Mekarjaya yang tidak hanya menampung dan menyalurkan aspirasi saja, namun BPD juga merealisasikan aspirasi tersebut dalam bentuk Peraturan Desa walaupun tidak semua aspirasi tersebut dijadikan Peraturan Desa.Kata Kunci : Eksistensi BPD; Pembentukan; Peraturan Desa

Pemimpin Non Muslim Dalam Negara Mayoritas Islam Menurut Al-Mawardi: Kajian Hukum Di Indonesia Difa Farid Al-Fajri; Siti Ngainnur Rohmah; Mufidah Mufidah; Abdur Rahim
SALAM: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya Syar-i Vol 10, No 2 (2023)
Publisher : Faculty of Sharia and Law UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/sjsbs.v9i2.25578

Leadership in a Muslim's life is something that is very urgent in achieving common goals. In managing a dynamic and interactive life, it is required to have a leader whose job is to carry out, guide and carry work towards achieving goals. The purpose of this study is to explain the concept of Non-Muslim Leaders in Muslim-majority countries according to Al-Mawardi. This research method is qualitative with a normative approach. Based on the Qur'an and Sunnah regarding non-Muslim leadership, the majority of scholars are still adamant that, under normal conditions for Muslims in an Islamic country, it is unlawful to elect non-Muslim leaders. However, according to al-Mawardi, in times of emergency, such as Muslims who are currently under political oppression, they are allowed to elect non-Muslim leaders.Keywords: Leader; Ahlu Dzimmah (non-Muslims); Al-Mawardi's thoughts AbstrakKepemimpinan dalam sebuah kehidupan seorang muslim adalah suatu hal yang sangat urgen dalam mencapai cita-cita bersama. Dalam menata kehidupan yang dinamis dan interaktif, dituntut adanya seorang pemimpin yang bertugas melaksanakan, memandu dan membawa pekerjaan ke arah tercapainya sasaran. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menjelaskan konsep Pemimpin Non Muslim di dalam negara mayoritas Islam menurut Al-Mawardi. Metode penelitian ini adalah kualitatif dengan pendekatan normatif. Berdasarkan al-Qur’ân dan Sunnah terkait kepemimpinan non-Muslim, mayoritas ulama masih tetap teguh berpendapat, dalam kondisi normal kaum Muslimin di negara Islam, haram hukumnya memilih pemimpin non-Muslim. Akan tetapi, menurut al-Mawardi di saat darurat, seperti umat Islam yang sedang berada dalam ketertindasan politik, mereka dibolehkan memilih pemimpin non-Muslim.Kata Kunci: Pemimpin; Ahlu Dzimmah (non muslim); Pemikiran al-Mawardi

Implementasi Disiplin Aparatur Desa di Desa Gantar Kecamatan Gantar Kabupaten Indramayu Patkur Rohman; Abdur Rahim
STAATSRECHT: Indonesian Constitutional Law Journal Vol 4, No 2 (2020)
Publisher : UIN JAKARTA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/siclj.v4i2.18954

AbstractThe performance of village office staffs that still has many weakness related to the recruitment which was based on the family relation and not based on professionalism and also there were many public service that did not run well and smoothly. Islam rules this life based on Al-Qur’an and Hadith and it has good management in regulating the government by prioritizing the education of aqidah Islamiyah as the base of organizing the country and nurturing the noble attitude and behavior. The researcher was interested and encouraged to study and investigate the discipline of village office staffs especially at Gantar Village The aims of this research are to find out how is the discipline of village officestaffs in running their daily duties and how is the discipline implementation of village office staffs according to The Law Number 6 in 2014. This research employed analytical descriptive research by describing the discipline practice applied by the village chief of Gantar as the person in charge of the village government. The results of this research, it is found out that the work discipline expected by the government through The Law Number 6 in 2014 for each staff of village office at Gantar Village is less maximal. This was proven by the village office staff who did not obey the work hours either when it supposed to be started or when it supposed to go home, even the performance is still very poor. The control of the village chief as the executif officer at the village is not maximal yet. There are still some village office staffs that are not active for three months but still free of any reprimand letter, sanction until firing based on the suggestion from BPD (The Board of Village Representative) and The Law Number 6 in 2014. This condition is complained by most of the villagers because they need good public service. Keywords: Discipline, Village office Staffs, Islamic Law, The Law Number 6 in 2014AbstrakKinerja Aparatur ditingkat desa masih banyak terdapat kekurangan terkait dengan rekrutment yang didasari dengan orang-orang dekat bukan karena profesionalitas, dan masih banyaknya pelayanan publik yang seharusnya dilayani oleh aparatur desa belum berjalan dengan lancar. Islam mengatur tata kehidupan dengan landasan al-Quran dan Hadist, Islam mempunyai manjemen yang baik dalam mengatur pemerintahan dengan mengedepankan pendidikan aqidah Islamiyah sebagai dasar bernegara, pembinaan ahlaq dan penjelasan secara teratur. Penulis tertarik dan terdorong untuk mengkaji dan meneliti tentang Implementasi Disiplin Aparatur Desa, khususnya yang berada di Desa Gantar, bagaimana disiplin aparatur desa dalam mejalankan tugas setiap harinya. Bagaimana implementasi disiplin aparatur desa menurut UU No.6 Tahun 2014. Penelitian ini mengunakan metode deskriptif analitik dengan cara menggambarkan praktek disiplin yang diterapkan oleh kepala Desa Gantar selaku penanggungjawab Pemerinatahan desa. Hasil penelitian ini diketahui bahwa disiplin kerja yang telah dicanangkan oleh pemerintah melalui UU No. 6 Tahun 2014 bagi setiap aparatur desa gantar kurang maksimal hasilnya. Hal ini terbukti masih adanya Aparat Desa yang tidak mengindahkan jam kerja baik sewaktu mulai kerja maupun jam pulang, bahkan kinerjanya masih tumpang tindih. Kontrol kepala desa sebagai Pejabat eksekutif di desa belum maksimal. Masih terdapat beberapa aparat desa yang tidak aktif selama 3 bulan tapi belum mendapatkan surat teguran, sanksi hingga pemecatan sesuai dengan saran dari BPD (Badan Pengawas Desa) dan UU No.6 Tahun 2014. Kondisi ini dikeluhkan oleh sebagian warga yang perlu pelayanan publik.Kata kunci: Disiplin, Aparatur desa, Hukum Islam, UU No. 6 Tahun 2014

The Strategy of the Gantar Village Government in the Management of Village Funds Ahmad Cahyadi; Abdur Rahim
STAATSRECHT: Indonesian Constitutional Law Journal Vol 5, No 2 (2021)
Publisher : UIN JAKARTA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/siclj.v5i2.23971

Village Funds have an important role in improving the economy of rural communities. Thus the utilization and allocation are effective and efficient. The purpose of the study was to determine the management of village funds according to Law Number 6 of 2014 Fiqh Siyasah (Study in Gantar Village, Gantar District, Indramayu Regency). This study uses a qualitative approach. Data collection techniques in observational research, interviews and documentation. The results of the research on the management of Gantar village funds, Gantar sub-district, Indramayu district, have been good, it can be seen from the progress of the village which is increasing rapidly. Financial management consists of: 1) Planning 2) Implementation 3) Administration 4) Reporting 5) Village financial accountability The village head as the party authorized to approve an expenditure plan.

Pengaruh Pandemi Terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa Kelas III Pada Mata Pelajaran Fikih di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Anwarussalam Padalarang Yulianti Yulianti; Abdur Rahim
SALAM: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya Syar-i Vol 9, No 3 (2022)
Publisher : Faculty of Sharia and Law UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/sjsbs.v9i2.25603

Science holds a significant place in Islam, as evidenced by Qur'anic passages that speak of intelligent individuals holding a high and honourable status. Education will foster the development of an environmentally friendly community. Indonesia is currently battling a COVID-19 pandemic. This has ramifications in many sectors of life, including education. Online schooling is being used to combat the COVID-19 pandemic (remotely). Because learning will take place online during the COVID-19 epidemic, it will undoubtedly alter how learning takes place and student learning results. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the pandemic's effect on the learning outcomes of students in class III studying fiqh at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Anwarussalam Padalarang. This research use quantitative approaches, including surveys, interviews, and observation, to collect data. Techniques for data analysis in research utilizing the normalcy test The Kolmogorov-Smirnov and hypothesis testing procedures used in this study are straightforward linear regression analysis. The findings indicated that the data in this investigation had a normal distribution. The coefficient of determination calculation reveals that the R2 of 0.757% indicates that the pandemic has an effect on student learning outcomes in the subject of jurisprudence. With a value of 0.000 0.05 for the simple linear regression test, it is established that the influence of pandemic (X) has an effect on student learning outcomes in fiqh topics (Y).Keywords: Pandemic; The Results of The Learning. Abstrak:Ilmu dalam ajaran Islam memiliki kedudukan yang penting, hal ini terlihat dari banyaknya ayat Al-Qur’an yang memandang orang berilmu dalam posisi yang tinggi dan mulia. Pendidikan akan membentuk masyarakat yang bermanfaat untuk lingkungan sekitar. Indonesia saat ini sedang mengalami pandemi COVID-19. Hal ini berdampak pada segala bidang kehidupan, salah satunya bidang pendidikan. Pelaksanaan pendidikan di masa pandemi COVID-19 dilakukan daring (jarak jauh). Karena pembelajaran selama pandemi COVID-19 dilakukan secara daring maka tentunya akan memengaruhi cara belajar dan hasil pembelajaran siswa. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh pandemi terhadap hasil belajar siswa kelas III pada mata pelajaran fikih di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Anwarussalam Padalarang. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah menggunakan metode penelitian kuantitatif, teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan kuisioner, wawancara, dan observasi. Teknik analisis data dalam penelitian menggunakan uji normalitas Kolmogorov Smirnov dan teknik pengujian hipotesis dalam penelitian ini adalah teknik analisis regresi linear sederhana. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan data pada penelitian ini berdistribusi normal. Hasil perhitungan koefisien determinasi menunjukkan bahwa R2 sebesar 0,757% artinya pandemi mempengaruhi hasil belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran fikih. Nilai uji regresi linear sederhana sebesar 0,000 < 0,05, sehingga disimpulkan bahwa pengaruh pandemi (X) memiliki pengaruh terhadap hasil belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran fikih (Y).Kata Kunci: Pandemi, Hasil Belajar

Analisis Dampak Penggunaan Gadget Pada Siswa Kelas V Sekolah Dasar Persatuan Ummat Islam (PUI) Haurgeulis Latifah Deviana; Abdur Rahim
SALAM: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya Syar-i Vol 8, No 5 (2021)
Publisher : Faculty of Sharia and Law UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/sjsbs.v8i5.23408

Gadgets are not only a tool to communicate but can also make it easier to do other activities. One of them happened during the COVID-19 pandemic, gadgets were used as a means to learn online. Where teachers and students carry out the process of teaching and learning activities using an application in the form of WhatsApp contained in the gadget. This study aims to determine the practice of using gadgets in the learning process of fifth-grade students of the Haurgeulis Islamic Community Elementary School and to determine the impact of using gadgets in the learning process of fifth-grade students of the Haurgeulis Islamic Community Association Elementary School. The method used in this research is a descriptive qualitative approach. Data collection techniques using interviews, observation, and documentation. The findings of this study indicate that the use of gadgets looks very large during the Covid-19 pandemic. Students are required to use gadgets for online learning activities, namely using the WhatsApp Group application. In addition, gadgets have several positive and negative impacts.Keywords: Impact; Gadget; Students; Elementary School. AbstrakGadget tidak hanya sebagai alat untuk berkomunikasi namun juga dapat mempermudah melakukan aktivitas lainnya. Salah satunya yang terjadi pada masa pandemi covid-19 ini, gadget digunakan sebagai sarana untuk belajar secara daring. Dimana guru dan siswa melakukan proses kegiatan belajar mengajar menggunakan salah satu aplikasi berupa WhatsApp yang terdapat di dalam gadget tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui praktik penggunaan gadget dalam proses pembelajaran siswa kelas V Sekolah Dasar Persatuan Ummat Islam Haurgeulis serta mengetahui dampak penggunaan gadget dalam proses pembelajaran pada siswa kelas V Sekolah Dasar Persatuan Ummat Islam Haurgeulis. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Hasil temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan gadget terlihat sangat besar penggunaannya di masa pandemi Covid-19. Siswa diharuskan menggunakan gadget untuk kegiatan belajar secara daring, yaitu menggunakan aplikasi WhatsApp Group. Selain itu, gadget memiliki beberapa dampak positif dan dampak negatif.Kata Kunci: Dampak; Gadget; Siswa; Sekolah Dasar.

Kualifikasi Calon Legislatif dalam Sistem Proporsional Terbuka Menurut Pandangan Fiqih Siyasah Mukhtori Mukhtori; Abdur Rahim
SALAM: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya Syar-i Vol 7, No 4 (2020)
Publisher : Faculty of Sharia and Law UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/sjsbs.v7i9.16594

Abstract.Elections in Indonesia are considered the most democratic because they can elect legislative candidates directly. The candidate is clearly displayed in the photo. Because it can be seen directly by voters, legislative candidates need qualifications. These qualifications do not only rely on clever speech, handsome or beautiful, rich, popular, or have a large following. Qualifications of legislative candidates according to the view of fiqh siyasah include credibility and balance of the nature of shiddiq, amanah, tablig, fathonah, extensive knowledge which are knotted in basthothan fil ilmi wa al jismi, and have opinions the strong and wisdom wisdom. This open proportional system according to the view of fiqh siyasa was once carried out during the time of the Prophet Muhammad and al-Khulafaur Rasyidin in the election of ahlul halli wa al aqdi.Keywords: system, proportional, qualifications, siyasah Abstrak.Pemilihan Umum di Indonesia dinilai paling demokratis karena dapat memilih calon anggota legislatif secara langsung. Calon tersebut terpampang dalam foto secara jelas. Karena dapat dilihat langsung oleh pemilih, maka calon legislatif memerlukan kualifikasi. Kualifikasi tersebut jangan hanya mengandalkan pandai berpidato, tampan atau cantik, kaya, populer, maupun memiliki pengikut yang banyak. Kualifikasi calon legislatif menurut pandangan fiqih siyasah diantaranya mempunyai kredibilitas dan keseimbangan sifat shiddiq, amanah, tablig, fathonah, berpengetahuan yang luas yang tersimpul di dalam basthothan fil ilmi wa al jismi, serta mempunyai pendapat yang kuat dan hikmah kebijaksanaan. Sistem proporsional terbuka ini menurut pandangan fiqih siyasah pernah dijalankan pada masa Nabi Muhammad saw. dan al-Khulafaur Rasyidin dalam pemilihan ahlul halli wa al aqdi.Kata kunci: sistem, proporsional, kualifikasi, siyasah

Title

Found 83 Documents
Search

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Title Search

Found 83 Documents Search

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Title

Found 83 Documents
Search