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Characterisation and Identification of Avian Influenza Virus (AI) Hewajuli, Dyah Ayu; Dharmayanti, NLP I
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 18, No 2 (2008)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Avian Influenza is caused by Influenza A virus which is a member of Orthomyxoviridae family. Influenza A virus is enveloped single stranded RNA with eight-segmented, negative polarity and filament or oval form, 50 â 120 by 200 â 300 nm diameters. Influenza A viruses have been found to infect birds, human, pig, horse and sometimes in the other mammalian such as seal and whale. The viruses are divided into different subtypes based on the antigenic protein which covers the virus surface i.e. Haemaglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA). In addition, the nomenclature of subtype virus is based on HA and NA i.e HxNx, for example H5N1, H9N2 and the others. According to pathogenic, it could be divided into two distinct groups, they are Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) and Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI). The Avian Influenza viruses have been continuously occurred and spread out in some continents such us America, Europe, Africa and Asian countries. The outbreak of Avian Influenza caused high mortality on birds and it has been reported that in human case Avian Influenza subtype H5N1 virus has caused several deaths. To anticipate this condition, an effort to prevent the transmission of Avian Influenza is needed. These strategic attempts include biosecurity, depopulation, vaccination, control of virus movement, monitoring and evaluation. Laboratory diagnostic plays an important role for successful prevention, control and eradication programs of Avian Influenza. Recently, there are two diagnostic methods for Avian Influenza. They are conventional (virological diagnosis) and molecular methods. The conventional method is usually used for initial diagnostic of Avian Influenza. The conventional method takes more time and more costly, whereas the molecular method is more effective than conventional method. Based on the available diagnostic technique, basically diagnostic of Avian Influenza is done by serology test, isolation and identification as well as pathogenicity test. Â Key words: Avian Influenza, Characterisation, Identification, Laboratory Diagnostic

Genetic Reassortment Among the Influenza Viruses (Avian Influenza, Human Influenza and Swine Influenza) in Pigs Hewajuli, Dyah Ayu; Dharmiayanti, Ni Luh Putu Indi
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 22, No 4 (2012)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Influenza A virus is a hazardous virus and harm to respiratory tract. The virus infect birds, pigs, horses, dogs, mammals and humans. Pigs are important hosts in ecology of the influenza virus because they have two receptors, namely NeuAc 2,3Gal and NeuAc 2,6Gal which make the pigs are sensitive to infection of influenza virus from birds and humans and genetic reassortment can be occurred. Classical swine influenza H1N1 viruses had been circulated in pigs in North America and other countries for 80 years. In 1998, triple reassortant H3N2 swine influenza viruses that contains genes of human influenza A virus (H3N2), swine influenza virus (H1N1) and avian influenza are reported as cause an outbreaks in pigs in North America. Furthermore, the circulation of triple reassortant H3N2 swine influenza virus resulting reassortant H1N1 swine influenza and reassortant H1N2 swine influenza viruses cause infection in humans. Humans who were infected by triple reassortant swine influenza A virus (H1N1) usually made direct contact with pigs. Although without any clinical symptoms, pigs that are infected by triple reassortant swine influenza A (H1N1) can transmit infection to the humans around them. In June 2009, WHO declared that pandemic influenza of reassortant H1N1 influenza A virus (novel H1N1) has reached phase 6. In Indonesia until 2009, there were 1005 people were infected by H1N1 influenza A and 5 of them died. Novel H1N1 and H5N1 viruses have been circulated in humans and pigs in Indonesia. H5N1 reassortant and H1N1 viruses or the seasonal flu may could arise because of genetic reassortment between avian influenza and humans influenza viruses that infect pigs together. Key words: influenza viruses, swine, genetic reassortment

The Relationship of Avian Influenza and Waterbirds in Creating Genetic Diversity and the Role of Waterbirds as Reservoir for Avian Influenza Hewajuli, Dyah Ayu; Dharmayanti, Ni Luh Putu Indi
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 22, No 1 (2012)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Outbreaks of Avian Influenza (AI) has enormous implications for poultry and human health.These outbreaks are caused by influenza A virus that belongS to the family of Orthomyxoviridae. These viruses are RNA viruses, negative polarity, and the envelope has segmented genom. Generally, Avian Influenza is a disease which originally occurred in birds with complex ecology including reassortment and transmission among different species of birds and mammals. The gene of AI virus can be transmitted among human and avian species as shown by the virus reasortantment that caused pandemic human influenza in 1957 and 1968. Pandemi in 1957 and 1968 were different from previously human viruses because the substitution of several genes are derived from avian viruses. Wild waterfowls especially Anseriformes (duck, muscovy duck and geese) and Charadriiformes (gulls, seabirds, wild birds) are the natural reservoirs for influenza type A viruses and play important role on the ecology and propagation of the virus. From this reservoir, influenza type A virus usually can be transmitted to other birds, mammals (including human) and caused outbreak of lethal diseases. Waterfowl that is infected with influenza A virus usually does not show any clinical symptoms. However, several reports stated that HPAI viruses can cause severe disease with neurogical disorders led to death in waterfowl. Migration of birds including waterfowls have active role in transmitting and spreading the disease. Movement of wild birds and inappropriate poultry trade transportation play a greater role as vector in spreading HPAI to humans. Ecological change of environment has also a great effect in spreading AI viruses. The spreading pattern of AI viruses is usually influenced by seasons, where the prevalence of AI was reported to be in the fall, winter and rainy seasons. Finally, the effective control strategies against the spreading of AI viruses is required. Programs of monitoring, surveilence and vaccination is part of the control strategies of AI viruse spreading besides other strategies that had been applied. Key words: Avian Influenza, reservoir of AI, waterbirds, migration

Virus Pathogenity of Newcastle Disease in Chicken Hewajuli, Dyah Ayu; Dharmayanti, N.L.P Indi
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 21, No 2 (2011)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the highly infectious diseases in poultry industry. Newcastle disease causes high morbidity and mortality in birds, then it causes significant loss for poultry industry. This disease is caused by Avian paramyxovirus-1, included in the genus of Avulavirus and family of Paramyxoviridae. This virus has six prior proteins and two non structural proteins that evolving its genom. Those proteins are Nucleocapsid protein (N), Phosphoprotein (P), Matrix protein (M), Fusion protein (F), Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein (HN) and Large polymerase protein (L) and two non structural proteins iVe and W protein which are produced during the transcriptation process of P gen on editing process. Each of the protein has a specific role that responsible for the virulence of the virus. The previous result showed that HN and F proteins have significant contribution in the virulence and spreading of ND virus in the hosts. Virulence of ND virus primarily is determined by the cleavage site of F protein, but the recent research showed that the cleavage site motiv of F0 protein is not the only factor to determine the virulence of ND virus. Besides F protein, other proteins also contribute patern to the virulence of ND virus. ND virus can infect more than 200 species of birds, but the severity level of the disease varies depending on the host and strain of ND virus. Chicken has the highest pathogenicity index compared to other birds. Generally, the immunity system in chicken against infection of ND virus is similar to the immunity system of other birds. Cell mediated and humoral immunity responses play an important role in overcome ND virus. Key words: Newcastle disease, protein, immunity response

The Advance of Technology of Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction in Identifying the Genome of Avian Influenza and Newcastle Diseases Hewajuli, Dyah Ayu; Dharmayanti, NLPI
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 24, No 1 (2014)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Avian Influenza (AI) viruses are zoonotic and caused death in humans. Newcastle Diseases (ND) virus has an economical impact in poultry. Therefore, the identification and characterization of AI and ND viruses that are appropriate, accurate and quick are important to protect human and poultry health. Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) was the latest gold standard to detect the genome of AI and ND viruses. Recently, RT-PCR was developed in routine diagnosis and research. RT-PCR is a method to amplify the sequences of DNA genome, preceded by reverse transcriptase process with the primer-mediated enzymatic. Some factors that influenced detection of AI and ND are design primer and probe, types of samples, enzyme, reagent composition, amplification temperature and cycles, technical and non-technical factors such as contamination and trained staff. Modified conventional and real time RT-PCR are able to improve the specificity and sensitivity of the test. Key words: Detection, Avian Influenza, Newcastle Diseases, RT-PCR

The Influence of Ecological Factors on the Transmission and Stability of Avian Influenza Virus in the Environment Hewajuli, Dyah Ayu; Dharmayanti, NLP I
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 24, No 3 (2014)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Ecology is a science studying the correlation among organisms and some environmental factors. Ecological factors play an important role to transmit Avian Influenza (AI) virus and influence its stability in the environment. Avian Influenza virus is classified as type A virus and belong to Orthomyxoviridae family. The virus can infect various vertebrates, mainly birds and mammals, including human. Avian Influenza virus transmission can occur through bird migration. The bird migration patterns usually occur in the large continent covers a long distance area within a certain periode hence transmit the virus from infected birds to other birds and spread to the environment. The biotic (normal flora microbes) and abiotic (physical and chemical) factors play important role in transmitting the virus to susceptible avian species and influence its stability in the environment. Disinfectant can inactivate the AI virus in the environment but its effectivity is influenced by the concentration, contact time, pH, temperature and organic matter.Â Key words: Avian Influenza, stability, transmission, ecological factors

The Role of Non-specific and Specific Immune Systems in Poultry against Newcastle Disease Hewajuli, Dyah Ayu; Dharmayanti, NLPI
WARTAZOA. Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 25, No 3 (2015): SEPTEMBER 2015
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Newcastle disease (ND) is caused by avian paramyxovirus-1 which belong to Avulavirus genus and Paramyxoviridae family. The birds have abnormalities in humoral (bursa fabricius) and cellular (thymus and spleen) lymphoid organs. Lesions decrease the immune system. Immune system consists of non-specific and specific immune systems. The main components of non-specific immunity are physical and chemical barrier (feather and skin or mucosa), phagocytic cells (macrophages and natural killer), protein complement and the mediator of inflammation and cytokines. Interferons (IFNs) belong to a group of cytokines that play a major role in the nonspecific or innate (natural) immunity. The virulent ND virus encodes protein of V gene can be suppressed IFN type I. This leads to non-specific immune system fail to respond to the virulent strains resulting in severe pathogenicity. The defense mechanism of the host is replaced by specific immunity (adaptive immunity) when natural immunity fails to overcome the infection. The specific immune system consists of humoral mediated immunity (HMI) and cell-mediated immunity (CMI). The cells of immune system that react specifically with the antigen are B lymphocytes producing the antibodies, T lymphocytes that regulate the synthesis of antibodies and T cells as effector or the direct cytotoxic cells. Both non-specific and specific immunities are complementary against the invasion of ND virus in the birds. The objective of this article is to discuss the role of non specific and specific immune system in ND. Key words: Newcastle disease, limphoid organs, non-specific, specific immunity

Virus Influenza Novel H1N1 Babi di Indonesia Hewajuli, Dyah Ayu; Dharmayanti, NLP Indi; Ratnawati, Atik
JURNAL BIOLOGI INDONESIA Vol 7, No 2 (2011): JURNAL BIOLOGI INDONESIA
Publisher : Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia

ABSTRACTNovel H1N1 influenza virus in Swine in Indonesia. Novel H1N1 influenza virus occurred sinceApril 2009 has caused mortality in human population. In Indonesia, this situation requireintensive surveillance to prevent reassortant probability between the H5N1 virus and novelH1N1 virus. This study conduct preliminary surveillance of novel H1N1 virus circulation byusing Real Time-Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR), that validatedby CDC to detect novel H1N1 virus. Result of this study revealed that the influenza novelH1N1 virus was detected in swine/pigs in Indonesia especially in Bulan island and two individualsample from Kapok slaughter house in Jakarta. These findings showed that in Indonesia thenovel H1N1 virus is not only found in human but also has circulated in swine in Indonesia.Key words: pig/swine, influenza novel H1N1 virus

Sirkulasi virus Avian influenza H5N1 Tahun 2010 : Virus genetic drift mirip A/Ck/West Java/Pwt-Wij/2006 ditemukan di beberapa kabupaten di Sumatra dan Jawa Dharmayanti, NLP Indi; Ratnawati, Atik; Hewajuli, Dyah Ayu; Indriani, Risa
JURNAL BIOLOGI INDONESIA Vol 8, No 1 (2012): JURNAL BIOLOGI INDONESIA
Publisher : Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia

The avian influenza H5N1 virus circulation in 2010 : Genetic Drift Like Virus A/Chicken/West Java/Pwt-Wij/2006 was found in several districts of Sumatra and Java. Until 2011, theÂ H5N1 subtype of AI virus is still circulating in many parts of Indonesia. The discovery of theÂ AI viruses which have undergone genetic drift since 2006 until now requires serious attentionÂ from the government in terms of AI disease control, the surveillance and monitoring of virusÂ circulation and execution of genetic mapping to determine the genetic character of the AIÂ virus at the molecular level, especially on the surface of glycoproteins (HA and NA protein).This information is needed to determine the diversity and character of the AI virus in Indonesia.Â Genetic data are used to evaluate the strategy to control AI in Indonesia, such as vaccinationÂ and the vaccine seed used and determine the extent of AI virus mutation in Indonesia has beenmutated. This study conducted by monitoring of the AI virus circulation throughout 2010.Â The methods used were AI virus isolation, RT-PCR, sequencing of genes coding for viralÂ surface and the prediction of three-dimensional analysis to determine the location of virusmutation. The results of this study showed that most of the AI virus subtype H5N1, which wasÂ isolated during the year 2010, showed similar mutations to the genetic drift virus in 2006, A /Ck/West Java/Pwt-Wij/2006. The viruses were characterized by the presence of 18-19 amino acidÂ substitutions at the level of the HA protein. On the NA protein level, there is a single mutationÂ which was buried in the NA molecule. This mutation probably did not influence for NAÂ activity. Genetic mapping of AI virus subtype H5N1 in 2010 showed that the viral genetic driftas the mutan virus A/Ck/West Java/Pwt-Wij/2006 have circulated not only in West Jawa aloneÂ but has been found on the island of Sumatra, Banten, West Jawa and East Jawa.Keywords: Circulation, avian influenza H5N1 virus, genetic drift

VIRUS INFLUENZA NOVEL H1N1 BABI DI INDONESIA Dharmayanti, NLP Indi; Ratnawati, Atik; Hewajuli, Dyah Ayu
JURNAL BIOLOGI INDONESIA Vol 7, No 2 (2011): JURNAL BIOLOGI INDONESIA
Publisher : Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14203/jbi.v7i2.3115

ABSTRACTNovel H1N1 influenza virus in Swine in Indonesia. Novel H1N1 influenza virus occurred sinceApril 2009 has caused mortality in human population. In Indonesia, this situation requireintensive surveillance to prevent reassortant probability between the H5N1 virus and novelH1N1 virus. This study conduct preliminary surveillance of novel H1N1 virus circulation byusing Real Time-Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR), that validatedby CDC to detect novel H1N1 virus. Result of this study revealed that the influenza novelH1N1 virus was detected in swine/pigs in Indonesia especially in Bulan island and two individualsample from Kapok slaughter house in Jakarta. These findings showed that in Indonesia thenovel H1N1 virus is not only found in human but also has circulated in swine in Indonesia.Key words: pig/swine, influenza novel H1N1 virus

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