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Probiotic in Ruminant Feed Pamungkas, Dicky; Anggraeni, Yenny Nur
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 16, No 2 (2006)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

The technology development of ruminant feed is related to the effort of fulfilling the nutrient requirement for maintenance and production of rumen microbes and optimizing the protein synthesis of rumen microbes, hence improving the animal production . Probiotic is widely used in feed to avoid the negative effect of antibiotic after therapeutic treatment and to be used as growth promoter . This paper describes the concept of probiotic, selection of microbes for probiotic, the benefit, the effect and the mechanism of probiotic in ruminant . In conclusion, probiotic can improve the animal growth and increase the immunity against diseases . Key words : Probiotic, growth stimulant, ruminant

The dry matter digestibility characteristics of tropical tree legumes using menke in vitro gas production technique Pamungkas, Dicky; Sevilla, Cesar C
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 8, No 4 (2003)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

The amount of gas released when a feed was incubated in vitro with rumen fluid, was closely related to the digestibility of the feed. The experiment using Menke in vitro gas production was conducted to determine the dry matter digestibility of tropical tree legumes; Leucaena leucocephala, Flemingia macrophyla, and Gliricida sepium. The samples were collected from Institute of Animal Science farms of the University of the Philippines at Los Banos. The amount of gas produced were recorded at 3, 6, 12, 48 and 72 hours of incubation. To estimate the volume of gas, the equation of Tuah was adopted; while to describe the course of gas production, the equation of MCDONALD was used. The washing loss was not measured and assumed to be zero. Results showed that leucaena at 12 hours was the highest in the volume of gas produced (1.217 ml/g DM). There was a similarity of highly increase of the gas produced between gliricidia and flemingia at 24 hours of incubation i.e 1.60 ml/g DM and 1.60ml/g DM. The potential extent gas production at 72 hours (b value) and the gas production rate (c value) of three legumes were no significantly different. According to the logarithmic-curve of gas volume produced, leucaena tended to be the highest of increase in potential extent and the gas production rate. The different rate of gas production in related to incubation reflected the dry matter digestibility of the three legumes in the rumen. Â Key words: In vitro gas production, dry matter digestibility

SEVILLA and U.M. LUSTRIA. 2006. Changes in rumen ecosystem and feed dry matter degradability of buffalo which received rumen content of cattle through cross inoculation Pamungkas, Dicky; Sevilla, Cesar C; Lustria, Ulysses M
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 11, No 1 (2006)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

The research was done to identify changes in rumen ecosystem of buffalo which received rumen content of cattle. As much as three head of fistulated male buffaloes (live weight of 450-550 kg) and three fistulated female cattle (live weight 250-380 kg) were used. This experiment was done three stage as follows: pre-inoculation, inoculation and post-inoculation. In Pre-inoculation, the sample of rumen content was taken two hours before morning feeding and directly observed for pH rumen liquor, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and total volatile fatty acid (VFA). During the last three days of the first week of pre and post inoculation, the in situ dry matter digestibility was conducted. The samples were incubated for 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours in the rumen of the experimental animals. Napier grass, leucaena, and wheat pollard were incubated separately in the nylon bags to determine DM digestibility. The cross inoculation (total of rumen content) was done less than 10 minutes. In post-inoculation, the sample of rumen content was taken at two hours before morning feeding as long as two days of two weeks after inoculation. Changes in rumen ecosystem (pH, NH3-N and total VFA) were tested by using Completely Randomized Design. Result showed that the transfer of rumen content from cattle to buffalo significantly reduced the pH level in the rumen of buffalo. However, it had no significant effect on the ammonia concentration in the rumen of buffalo and showed significantly decreased of bacteria but it was not affect on the total count of protozoa and fungi. The transfer of rumen content from cattle to buffalo significantly decreased the value of insoluble and potential digestible fraction of leucaena. The DM effective degradability of Napier grass was significantly increase (P<0.05) within outflow rate 0.02 and 0.04 h-1 after cross inoculation. In wheat pollard, a significantly decrease (P<0.05) was occurred when outflow rate was observed at 0.04, 0.06 and 0.08 h-1 Key Words: Rumen Ecosystem, Cross Inoculation, Degradability

Supplementing energy and protein source at different rate of degradability to mixture of corn waste and coffee pod as basal diet on rumen fermentation kinetic of beef cattle Pamungkas, Dicky; Utomo, R.; Ngadiyono, N.; Winugroho, M.
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 15, No 1 (2010)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

The use of corn waste and coffee pod as basal diet needs energy and protein supplementation in order to optimize rumen microbial growth. A research was done to study the appropriate supplement which is suitable based on the result of rumen fermentation kinetics. Four ruminally canulated cows, (205-224 kg of live weight) were placed in individual cages. The basal diet (BD) offered were corn waste and coffee pod mixture (80:20). Source of high degradable energy (HDE) was cassava pomace; while the low degradable energy (LDE) was arenga piÃ±ata waste. The high degradable protein (HDP) was mixed-concentrate while the low degradable protein (LDP) was leucaena leave meal. The supplementation of energy and protein to basal diet was in ratio of 50:50 based on dry matter. Feed offered were basal diet and the supplement at ratio of 60: 40 (3 % of LW). Observation was carried out for 4 periods (10 days/period). In each period, animal was fed one of the following diets:Â A = BD, B = BD+ HDE+LDP, C = BD+LDE+LDP, and D = BD+HDE+HDP. Rumen kinetics observed were: pH, and VFA, NH3 and rumen microbial protein concentrations. Rumen fluid was taken at the end of each period gradually along the course of 24 hours fermentation. The results showed that the diets gave significant effect (P < 0.05) on rumen pH. The lowest rumen pH (5.76) was observed on diet DÂ at 2:00, 12 hours after feeding. Meanwhile, the highest pH (7.22) was found in animal fed diet A at 16:00. The total VFA on diet D of periode:1, 3 and 4 showed the highest level: 68.1 mmol/l; 75.37 mmol/l and 85.14 mmol/l respectively. The highest NH3 concentration was found in diet D followedÂ by diet C, B and A. At 12:00 observation or at 4 h after morning feeding the highest NH3 was observed from diet D (41.94 mg/100 ml). It is concluded that diet D resulted in the best rumen fermentation kinetic, therefore it could be used in feed formulation in cattle diets. Key words: Corn Waste, Coffee Pod, Degradation, Rumen Fermentation

Supplementation of corn-soybean based layer diets with different levels of acid protease Purbojo, Satrijo Widi; Luis, Edwin S; Tambunan, Reny Debora; Pamungkas, Dicky
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 9, No 1 (2004)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

The aim of this research was held in Institute of Animal Science farm, University of the Philippines Los Banos, was to know the effects of acid protease supplementation in layer diets. Ninety-four-week old pullets were caged individually. Five treatments were randomly arranged to 95 pullets following a completely randomized design. Each treatment was replicated 19 times. The feeding trial lasted for 16 weeks. The same management practices were provided to all treatments throughout the feeding period. Pullets were fed once a day in the morning and clean drinking water was available to the pullets at all times. A basal layer diet that contained 18% crude protein (CP) and 2800 Kcal ME/kg supplemented with required vitamins, minerals and amino acids were formulated. The diets with reduced protein of 17% and 2800 kcal ME/kg was also formulated. The diet with the reduced crude protein was supplemented with different levels of protease (0.05, 0.075 and 0.1%). Six birds from each treatment were randomly selected and placed in individual digestion cages. They were fed with their respective diets with chromic oxide as indicator for 7 days. Chromic oxide was added to the different diets at 0.2%. On the 3rd to 6th day of feeding, feces were collected using stainless fecal trays installed under each cage. At the end of the collection period, fecal samples collected from each replicate of treatment were dried then subjected to proximate analysis and chromic oxide determination. Result showed that no significant difference on biweekly feed consumption and overall observations. Reduced CP + 0.1% protease was the highest on the hen day production (93.75%) and the lowest of feed conversion (1.85) while reduced CP + 0.075% protease was the highest of egg weight (58.82 g) and eggshell thickness (0.392 mm). There was no significant difference on digestibility coefficient. Â Key words: Acid protease, layer diets, supplementation

Estimating dynamic cattle population on palm oil plantation area in South Kalimantan Province) Adinata, Yudi; Pamungkas, Dicky; Krishna, Noor Hudhia; Aryogi, Aryogi
Jurnal Sains Dasar Vol 3, No 2 (2014): October 2014
Publisher : Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta

Integration between beef cattle and palm oil plantation (animal plantation integration) should be supportedand developed. This study was carried out to estimate the dynamic cattle population managed by PT KAL.Estimating dynamic cattle population was counted by simulation base on population data, animal physiologicalstatus, and forage carrying capacity under palm oil plantation. The carrying capacity of available space is 2.066 ±199 animal unit (AU) and naturally would be reached in 2029-2030. Optimal capacity would be reached faster byintroducing new cattle in the population.Key words: integration, beef cattle, palm oil, dynamic cattle population

Supplementing energy and protein source at different rate of degradability to mixture of corn waste and coffee pod as basal diet on rumen fermentation kinetic of beef cattle Dicky Pamungkas; R. Utomo; N. Ngadiyono; M. Winugroho
Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner Vol 15, No 1 (2010): MARCH 2010
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development (ICARD)

The use of corn waste and coffee pod as basal diet needs energy and protein supplementation in order to optimize rumen microbial growth. A research was done to study the appropriate supplement which is suitable based on the result of rumen fermentation kinetics. Four ruminally canulated cows, (205-224 kg of live weight) were placed in individual cages. The basal diet (BD) offered were corn waste and coffee pod mixture (80:20). Source of high degradable energy (HDE) was cassava pomace; while the low degradable energy (LDE) was arenga piñata waste. The high degradable protein (HDP) was mixed-concentrate while the low degradable protein (LDP) was leucaena leave meal. The supplementation of energy and protein to basal diet was in ratio of 50:50 based on dry matter. Feed offered were basal diet and the supplement at ratio of 60: 40 (3 % of LW). Observation was carried out for 4 periods (10 days/period). In each period, animal was fed one of the following diets: A = BD, B = BD+ HDE+LDP, C = BD+LDE+LDP, and D = BD+HDE+HDP. Rumen kinetics observed were: pH, and VFA, NH3 and rumen microbial protein concentrations. Rumen fluid was taken at the end of each period gradually along the course of 24 hours fermentation. The results showed that the diets gave significant effect (P < 0.05) on rumen pH. The lowest rumen pH (5.76) was observed on diet D at 2:00, 12 hours after feeding. Meanwhile, the highest pH (7.22) was found in animal fed diet A at 16:00. The total VFA on diet D of periode:1, 3 and 4 showed the highest level: 68.1 mmol/l; 75.37 mmol/l and 85.14 mmol/l respectively. The highest NH3 concentration was found in diet D followed by diet C, B and A. At 12:00 observation or at 4 h after morning feeding the highest NH3 was observed from diet D (41.94 mg/100 ml). It is concluded that diet D resulted in the best rumen fermentation kinetic, therefore it could be used in feed formulation in cattle diets. Key words: Corn Waste, Coffee Pod, Degradation, Rumen Fermentation

Supplementation of corn-soybean based layer diets with different levels of acid protease Satrijo Widi Purbojo; Edwin S Luis; Reny Debora Tambunan; Dicky Pamungkas
Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner Vol 9, No 1 (2004): MARCH 2004
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development (ICARD)

The aim of this research was held in Institute of Animal Science farm, University of the Philippines Los Banos, was to know the effects of acid protease supplementation in layer diets. Ninety-four-week old pullets were caged individually. Five treatments were randomly arranged to 95 pullets following a completely randomized design. Each treatment was replicated 19 times. The feeding trial lasted for 16 weeks. The same management practices were provided to all treatments throughout the feeding period. Pullets were fed once a day in the morning and clean drinking water was available to the pullets at all times. A basal layer diet that contained 18% crude protein (CP) and 2800 Kcal ME/kg supplemented with required vitamins, minerals and amino acids were formulated. The diets with reduced protein of 17% and 2800 kcal ME/kg was also formulated. The diet with the reduced crude protein was supplemented with different levels of protease (0.05, 0.075 and 0.1%). Six birds from each treatment were randomly selected and placed in individual digestion cages. They were fed with their respective diets with chromic oxide as indicator for 7 days. Chromic oxide was added to the different diets at 0.2%. On the 3rd to 6th day of feeding, feces were collected using stainless fecal trays installed under each cage. At the end of the collection period, fecal samples collected from each replicate of treatment were dried then subjected to proximate analysis and chromic oxide determination. Result showed that no significant difference on biweekly feed consumption and overall observations. Reduced CP + 0.1% protease was the highest on the hen day production (93.75%) and the lowest of feed conversion (1.85) while reduced CP + 0.075% protease was the highest of egg weight (58.82 g) and eggshell thickness (0.392 mm). There was no significant difference on digestibility coefficient. Key words: Acid protease, layer diets, supplementation

The dry matter digestibility characteristics of tropical tree legumes using menke in vitro gas production technique Dicky Pamungkas; Cesar C Sevilla
Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner Vol 8, No 4 (2003): DECEMBER 2003
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development (ICARD)

The amount of gas released when a feed was incubated in vitro with rumen fluid, was closely related to the digestibility of the feed. The experiment using Menke in vitro gas production was conducted to determine the dry matter digestibility of tropical tree legumes; Leucaena leucocephala, Flemingia macrophyla, and Gliricida sepium. The samples were collected from Institute of Animal Science farms of the University of the Philippines at Los Banos. The amount of gas produced were recorded at 3, 6, 12, 48 and 72 hours of incubation. To estimate the volume of gas, the equation of Tuah was adopted; while to describe the course of gas production, the equation of MCDONALD was used. The washing loss was not measured and assumed to be zero. Results showed that leucaena at 12 hours was the highest in the volume of gas produced (1.217 ml/g DM). There was a similarity of highly increase of the gas produced between gliricidia and flemingia at 24 hours of incubation i.e 1.60 ml/g DM and 1.60ml/g DM. The potential extent gas production at 72 hours (b value) and the gas production rate (c value) of three legumes were no significantly different. According to the logarithmic-curve of gas volume produced, leucaena tended to be the highest of increase in potential extent and the gas production rate. The different rate of gas production in related to incubation reflected the dry matter digestibility of the three legumes in the rumen. Key words: In vitro gas production, dry matter digestibility

Changes in rumen ecosystem and feed dry matter degradability of buffalo which received rumen content of cattle through cross inoculation Dicky Pamungkas; Cesar C Sevilla; Ulysses M Lustria
Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner Vol 11, No 1 (2006): MARCH 2006
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development (ICARD)

The research was done to identify changes in rumen ecosystem of buffalo which received rumen content of cattle. As much as three head of fistulated male buffaloes (live weight of 450-550 kg) and three fistulated female cattle (live weight 250-380 kg) were used. This experiment was done three stage as follows: pre-inoculation, inoculation and post-inoculation. In Pre-inoculation, the sample of rumen content was taken two hours before morning feeding and directly observed for pH rumen liquor, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and total volatile fatty acid (VFA). During the last three days of the first week of pre and post inoculation, the in situ dry matter digestibility was conducted. The samples were incubated for 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours in the rumen of the experimental animals. Napier grass, leucaena, and wheat pollard were incubated separately in the nylon bags to determine DM digestibility. The cross inoculation (total of rumen content) was done less than 10 minutes. In post-inoculation, the sample of rumen content was taken at two hours before morning feeding as long as two days of two weeks after inoculation. Changes in rumen ecosystem (pH, NH3-N and total VFA) were tested by using Completely Randomized Design. Result showed that the transfer of rumen content from cattle to buffalo significantly reduced the pH level in the rumen of buffalo. However, it had no significant effect on the ammonia concentration in the rumen of buffalo and showed significantly decreased of bacteria but it was not affect on the total count of protozoa and fungi. The transfer of rumen content from cattle to buffalo significantly decreased the value of insoluble and potential digestible fraction of leucaena. The DM effective degradability of Napier grass was significantly increase (P<0.05) within outflow rate 0.02 and 0.04 h-1 after cross inoculation. In wheat pollard, a significantly decrease (P<0.05) was occurred when outflow rate was observed at 0.04, 0.06 and 0.08 h-1Key Words: Rumen Ecosystem, Cross Inoculation, Degradability

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