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Land Suitability and Capability For Mariculture Utilization of Coastal Area of Manado Tua Island Adnan S. Wantasen; Wilmy. E. Pelle; Alex D. Kambey
Jurnal Ilmiah PLATAX Vol. 8 No. 2 (2020): ISSUE JULY-DECEMBER 2020
Publisher : Sam Ratulangi University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35800/jip.8.2.2020.31272

The concept of land suitability and carrying capacity in utilizing the coastal land area of Manado Tua Island is a long-term goal in the study of sustainable coastal and small island management. Meanwhile, alternative livelihoods for sustainable aquaculture food sources are a special target. The potential of freshwater supply becomes a limiting factor for small islands, in addition to land availability. The special objective is the use of aquatic land as aquaculture land which has an impact on alternative livelihoods and the availability of food sources. The land suitability analysis is carried out in the following stages: (1) preparing a map of the Manado Tua Island area, (2) creating a matrix for the suitability of aquaculture activities, (3) providing weighting and scoring, and (4) conducting spatial analysis. The biogeophysical conditions of the coastal waters of Manado Tua Island are classified as normal for mariculture cultivation activities. Geographically the island is located at coordinates 01Âº 37 '57 "North Latitude and 124Âº 41" 56 "East Longitude. The very suitable location I was 44.03 m2, while the suitable land was 34.25 m2, and the conditionally suitable land was 17.13 m2. For location II, the area that fully meets the requirements is 70.50 m2, and those that meet the appropriate requirements are 49.86 m2, and those that meet the conditionally are 27.51 m2. The land area of Manado Tua Island is 1,056.02 ha. The condition of freshwater sources has not yet the potential to meet the needs of the community and visiting tourists.Keywords: land suitability, aquaculture, freshwater utilization, Manado Tua IslandAbstrakKonsep kesesuaian lahan dan daya dukung dalam memanfaatkan areal lahan pesisirÂ Pulau Manado Tua merupakan tujuan jangka panjang dalam studi pengelolaan pesisir dan pulau kecil secara berkelanjutan. Sedangkan alternatif mata pencaharian untuk sumber pangan hasil budidaya perairan secara berkelanjutan menjadi target khusus. Potensi sediaan air tawar menjadi faktor pembatas pulau kecil, disamping ketersediaan lahan. Adapun tujuan khusus adalah pemanfaatan lahan perairan sebagai lahan budidaya perikanan yang berdampak pada alternatif mata pencaharian serta ketersediaan sumber bahan pangan. Analisis kesesuian lahan dilakukan dalam tahapan: (1) penyusunan peta kawasan Pulau Manado Tua, (2) membuat matriks kesesuaian kegiatan budidaya perikanan, (3) memberikan pembobotan dan pengharkatan, dan (4) melakukan analisis spasial. Kondisi biogeofisik perairan pantai Pulau Manado Tua tergolong normal untuk kegiatan budidaya matrikultur. Secara geografi Pulau terletak pada koordinat 01Âº 37â€™ 57â€ LU dan 124Âº 41â€™ 56â€ BT. Pada lokasi I yang sangat sesuai seluas 44,03 m2, sedangkan lahan yang sesuai seluas 34,25 m2 dan lahan yang sesuai bersyarat seluas 17,13 m2.Â Untuk lokasi IIÂ areal yang sangat memenuhi syarat adalah seluas 70.50 m2, dan yang memenuhi syarat sesuai adalah seluas 49,86 m2, dan yang memenuhi sesuai bersyarat seluas 27,51 m2. Luas daratan Pulau Manado Tua 1.056,02 ha . Kondisi sumber air tawar di belum berpotensi untuk memenuhi kebutuhan masyarakat dan wisatawan yang berkunjung.Kata kunci: kesesuaian lahan, budidaya perikanan, pemanfaatan air tawar, Pulau Manado Tua

Benefit Value of Mangrove Forest in Sarawet Village, Likupang Timur, Minahasa Utara Chika Litawaty Tamsir; Ridwan Lasabuda; Adnan S. Wantasen; Khristin I. F. Kondoy; Alex D. Kambey; Calvyn Sondak
Jurnal Ilmiah PLATAX Vol. 10 No. 2 (2022): ISSUE JULY-DECEMBER 2022
Publisher : Sam Ratulangi University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35800/jip.v10i2.41499

The purpose of this study is to: 1) identify various types of direct and indirect benefits of mangrove forests, and 2) estimate the total economic value of the mangrove forest in Sarawet Village. This type of research is descriptive and quantitative using survey methods. Data analysis in this study uses descriptive and quantitative analysis. Descriptive analysis is used to explain the activities of utilizing natural resources of mangrove ecosystems, while quantitative analysis is used to calculate the total economic value of mangrove ecosystems. The selection of respondents used the purposive sampling method, with a total of 76 respondents. Analysis of the total economic value for the value of direct benefits using market prices, and the value of indirect benefits using replacement costs. The results showed that the people of Sarawet Village use the mangrove forest ecosystem directly in the form of mangrove wood used as firewood and fence stakes, leaves Nipah are made with roofs, and the community carries out fishing and crab activities around mangrove waters.Analysis of the total economic value of the mangrove forest in Sarawet Village amounted to Rp. 6.884.344.178,-/year. The total economic value is obtained from the value of direct benefits including utilization as firewood Rp. 4,160,000,- /year; fence pegs Rp. 87.500,-/year; roof of the house Rp. 330.000,-/year; fishing Rp. 769.174.000,-/year; crab fishing is Rp. 190.320.000,-/year, and the value of indirect benefits is as a barrier to abrasion and seawater waves Rp. 5.920.272.678,-/year. The large economic value of the total mangrove forest ecosystem in Sarawet Village shows that the mangrove ecosystem provides great benefits to the community.Keywords: direct benefit value, indirect benefit value, total economic value, MangroveAbstrakThe purpose of this study is to: 1) identify various types of direct and indirect benefits of mangrove forests, and 2) estimate the total economic value of the mangrove forest in Sarawet Village. This type of research is descriptive and quantitative using survey methods. Data analysis in this study uses descriptive and quantitative analysis. Descriptive analysis is used to explain the activities of utilizing natural resources of mangrove ecosystems, while quantitative analysis is used to calculate the total economic value of mangrove ecosystems. The selection of respondents used the purposive sampling method, with a total of 76 respondents. Analysis of the total economic value for the value of direct benefits using market prices, and the value of indirect benefits using replacement costs. The results showed that the people of Sarawet Village use the mangrove forest ecosystem directly in the form of mangrove wood used as firewood and fence stakes, leaves Nipah are made with roofs, and the community carries out fishing and crab activities around mangrove waters.Analysis of the total economic value of the mangrove forest in Sarawet Village amounted to Rp. 6.884.344.178,-/year. The total economic value is obtained from the value of direct benefits including utilization as firewood Rp. 4,160,000,- /year; fence pegs Rp. 87.500,-/year; roof of the house Rp. 330.000,-/year; fishing Rp. 769.174.000,-/year; crab fishing is Rp. 190.320.000,-/year, and the value of indirect benefits is as a barrier to abrasion and seawater waves Rp. 5.920.272.678,-/year. The large economic value of the total mangrove forest ecosystem in Sarawet Village shows that the mangrove ecosystem provides great benefits to the community.Keywords: direct benefit value, indirect benefit value, total economic value, Mangrove.

Condition of Coral Reefs in the Waters of Kalasey Satu Village, Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi Israel Pitoy; Unstain N. W. J. Rembet; Ari B. Rondonuwu; Adnan S. Wantasen; Alex D. Kambey; Gaspar Manu; John L. Tombokan
Jurnal Ilmiah PLATAX Vol. 11 No. 1 (2023): ISSUE JANUARY-JUNE 2023
Publisher : Sam Ratulangi University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35800/jip.v11i1.45892

The waters of Kalasey I Village have various resources and environmental services that are the potential to be utilized sustainably, such as tourism. The development activities in the tourism sector look so fast in this area with the establishment of several tourism infrastructures, such as diving centers, cottages, resorts,s and restaurants. These activities are thought to be able to affect the coral reef ecosystem. This study aims to determine the coral reef conditions, especially the reef flat, based on the percent cover of the live corals. Data collection was carried out at a depth of 3 meters with 3 replications using an Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) technique. Data obtained were analyzed using Coral Point Count with excel extension (CPCe) software. Based on the percent cover of live corals, the condition of coral reefs in the Kalasey 1 village waters was classified as poor with a coral cover percentage of 2.93%. Keywords: Tourism development, Underwater Photo Transect (UPT), percent cover, coral point count (CPCe) Abstrak Perairan di Desa Kalasey I memiliki berbagai sumberdaya serta jasa lingkungan yang berpotensi untuk dimanfaatkan secara berkesinambungan seperti potensi pariwisata. Kegiatan pembangunan di sektor pariwisata terlihat begitu pesat di wilayah ini dengan berdirinya sejumlah infrastruktur pariwisata seperti diving center, cottage, resort dan rumah makan, dimana aktivitas tersebut diduga dapat mempengaruhi ekosistem terumbu karang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kondisi terumbu karang, khususnya rataan terumbu (reef flat), berdasarkan persentase tutupan karang di perairan Desa Kalasey I Kecamatan Mandolang Kabupaten Minahasa. Pengambilan data dilakukan pada kedalaman 3 meter dengan 3 ulangan, menggunakan teknik Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) dan data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan software Coral Point Count with excel extension (CPCe). Diperoleh hasil kondisi terumbu karang tergolong dalam kategori miskin dengan persentase tutupan karang sebesar 2.93 %. Kata kunci: Pembangunan pariwiata, Underwater Photo Transect (UPT), persen tutupan, coral point count (CPCe)

Length-Weight Relationship and Reproduction of Spotcheek emperor Lethrinus rubrioperculatus Sato, 1978 at Napo Nain Likupang North Sulawesi Azhar Laura; Alex D. Kambey; Dr. Ir. Nego E. Bataragoa, M.Sc; Silvester B. Pratasik; Anneke V. Lohoo; Janny D. Kusen
Jurnal Ilmiah PLATAX Vol. 11 No. 1 (2023): ISSUE JANUARY-JUNE 2023
Publisher : Sam Ratulangi University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35800/jip.v11i1.46348

Spotcheek emperor L. rubrioperculatus lives in association with coral reefs, at a depth of 10-168 m. This species lives on sandy bottoms and along the outer reef slopes. The lemur fish L.rubriopercelatus is a protogynous hermaphrodite fish, there is a sex change from the female phase to the male phase. Research related to sea urchins in Likupang waters has never been carried out, even in general it is very limited in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the length-weight relationship and reproductive aspects of spotcheek emperor at Napo Nain Likupang waters. Length-weight relationships are growth patterns and condition factors. Reproductive aspects are the level of gonadal maturity, gonadal maturity index, and fecundity. Fish samples were caught using two types of hand lines, hook number 10 with monofilament line number 90 and hook number 12 with monofilament line number 100. Sampling was carried out three times in May, June, and July 2022. The total samples were 80 individuals. consisting of 44 male individuals with a fork length range of 14.7-22.7 cm, 42 female individuals with a fork length range of 13.0-24.0 cm, and 2 individuals of transitional elephant fish, respectively 19.5 and 20.0 cm. Male length-weight relationship W= 0.2332L2.1642 (R2=0.7881) negative allometric growth pattern. Females W = 0.0868L2.505 (R2=0.9575) negative allometric growth pattern. The condition factor for male fish is 1.03 ± 0.22 and 0.99 ± 0.12 for females. The gonadal maturity was found in May for both males and females. Gonad Maturity Index for males ranged from 0.03-0.18 and for females 0.02-1.49. Fecundity ranged from 21.035-3.9497 with an average of 31.530 ± 5.929. The relationship between fecundity and length F=3152L0.7721 (R2=0.24340) Keywords: Growth pattern, Allometric, Gonad, Fecundity. Abstrak Ikan lencam L. rubrioperculatus hidup berasosiasi dengan terumbu karang, pada kedalaman 10-168 m. Spesies ini hidup di dasar berpasir dan di sepanjang lereng terumbu bagian luar. Ikan lencam L.rubriopercelatus adalah ikan hermaprodit protogini, terjadi perubahan kelamin dari fase betina ke fase jantan. Penelitian berkaitan ikan lencam di perairan Likupang belum pernah dilakukan, bahkan secara umum di Indonesia sangat terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan panjang-berat dan aspek reproduksi. Hubungan Panjang- berat meliputi pola pertumbuhan dan faktor kondisi di parairan Napo Nain Perairan Likupang. Aspek reproduksi meliputi tingkat kematangan gonad, indeks kematangan gonad dan fekunditas. Sampel ikan ditangkap dengan menggunakan dua jenis pancing ulur (hand line) mata pancing nomor 10 dengan tali monofilament nomor 90 dan mata pancing nomor 12 dengan tali monofilament nomor 100. Sampling dilakukan tiga kali pada bulan Mei, Juni dan Juli 2022. Jumlah sampel 80 individu terdiri atas terdiri dari 44 individu jantan dengan kisaran panjang garpu 14,7-22,7 cm, 42 individu betina dengan kisaran panjang garpu 13,0-24,0 cm, 2 individu ikan lencam transisi kelamin masing 19,5 dan 20,0 cm. Hubungan panjang-berat jantan W= 0,2332L2,1642 (R2=0,7881)pola pertumbuhan alometrik negatif. Betina W = 0,0868L2,505 (R2=0,9575) pola pertumbuhan alometrik negatif. Faktor kondisi jantan bernilai 1,03 ± 0,22 dan 0,99 ± 0,12 ikan betina. Tingkat kematangan gonad ikan yang siap memijah (TKG IV) ditemukan pad bulan Mei baik jantan maupun betina. Indeks Kematangan Gonad jantan berkisar antara 0,03-0,18 dan betina 0,02-1,49. Fekunditas berkisar antara 21.035-3.9497 dengan rata-rata 31.530 ± 5.929. Hubungan fekunditas dengan panjang F=3152L0,7721 (R2=0,24340) Kata kunci : Pola pertumbuhan, Allometrik, Gonad, Fekunditas

Structure Of The Mangrove Community In Meras Beach, Bunaken District, Manado City, North Sulawesi Ezra Monika Situmorang; Alex D. Kambey; Meiske Sofie Salaki; Ridwan Lasabuda; Joudy R. R. Sangari; Rignolda Djamaluddin
Jurnal Ilmiah PLATAX Vol. 9 No. 2 (2021): ISSUE JULY-DECEMBER 2021
Publisher : Sam Ratulangi University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35800/jip.9.2.2021.35323

Meras is one of the sub-districts with high potential for coastal areas, located in Bunaken District, is the largest sub-district in Manado city, North Sulawesi, has a variety of complete coastal ecosystems such as mangrove forests. The potential of mangrove forests along the Meras coast in the northern part of Bunaken National Park has an important role in terms of ecology and economy as well as an important asset to be maintained and preserved. This study aims to determine the structure of the mangrove community and the current mangrove area. This research was conducted on May 29, 2021, carried out using the quadratic method. The results showed that the highest species density was Sonneratia alba with a value of 900 trees/ha with a relative density of 61.4%, while the lowest species density was Rhizophora mucronata (33 ind/ha) with a relative density of 2.3%. Furthermore, the highest frequency was found in the species Sonneratia alba and Avicenia marina with the same relative frequency value of 38%. Meanwhile, the species with the highest dominance value was Nypa fruticant, with a relative dominance value of 39.9%, and the species with the lowest value, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, with a relative dominance value of 4.6%. The results of the calculation of the mangrove area on the Meras beach are 53.9 hectares.Keywords: Meras Beach; Mangrove; Community StructureAbstrakHutan mangrove merupakan tipe hutan tropika dan subtropika yang khas, tumbuh di sepanjang pantai atau muara sungai yang dipengaruhi oleh pasang surut air laut. Kelurahan Meras adalah salah satu Kelurahan dengan potensi wilayah pesisir yang tinggi, terletak di Kecamatan Bunaken, merupakan wilayah kecamatan terluas di kota Manado Sulawesi Utara yang memiliki beranekaragam ekosistem pesisir yang lengkap yang salah satunya adalah hutan mangrove. PotensiÂ hutanÂ mangrove yang terdapatÂ di sepanjangÂ pesisir pantai Meras wilayah Taman Nasional Bunaken bagian utara yang masih menyimpan hutan mangrove, memiliki peran penting baik itu dari segi ekologi maupun ekonomi yang merupakan salah satu aset yang penting untukÂ dijaga dan dilestarikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana struktur komunitas mangrove dan berapa luasan mangrove yang tersisa saat ini. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada tanggal 29 Mei 2021, dilakukan di kawasan mangrove Pantai Meras, Kecamatan Bunaken, Kota Manado, Sulawesi Utara. Metode yang di gunakan yaitu metode kuadrat (quadrat methods) untuk mengetahui struktur komunitas mangrove. Berdasarkan hasil dari ke-3 zona menunjukkanÂ bahwa kerapatan jenis tertinggi dimiliki oleh Sonneratia alba dengan nilai 900 pohon/ha dengan kerapatan relatif jenis 61,4%, sedangkan kerapatan spesies terendah yaitu spesies Rhizophora mucronata (33 ind/ha) dengan nilai kerapatan relatif spesies yaitu 2,3%. Selanjutnya frekuensi tertinggi terdapat pada spesies Sonneratia alba dan Avicenia marina Â dengan nilai frekuensi relatif yang sama sebesar 38%. SedangkanÂ spesies yang memiliki nilai dominasi paling tinggi Nypa fruticant yaitu dengan nilai dominasi relatif 39,9% dan spesies yang yang memiliki nilai paling rendah Bruguiera gymnorhiza yaitu dengan nilai dominasi relatif 4,6%. Hasil perhitungan luas mangrove di pantai Meras 53,9 hektar.Kata kunci: Pantai Meras, Mangrove, Struktur Komunitas

Community Structure of Hard Coral (Scleractinia) in the Walenekoko Reef Flat, Pasir Panjang, Bitung City Utary Pratiwi; Alex D. Kambey; Laurentius Th. X. Lalamentik; Ferdinand Frans Tilaar; Stephanus Vianny Mandagi; Indri S. Manembu
Jurnal Ilmiah PLATAX Vol. 10 No. 1 (2022): ISSUE JANUARY-JUNE 2022
Publisher : Sam Ratulangi University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35800/jip.v10i1.37277

Coral reefs are one of the potential good water resources in Indonesian marine waters. Ecologically, coral reefs can only develop in tropical climates. Hard coral is one of the important components as a constituent of coral reef ecosystems and plays an important role for marine biota. The research was conducted at the reef flat of Walenekoko Village, Pasir Panjang Village, South Lembeh District, Bitung City. The research covers the species, family and life form composition, and ecological indices (diversity, species equitability, and dominance indices). The research was carried out with an Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) method. The results obtained 18 types of hard corals belonging to 5 families. Montipora samarensis was the most abundant coral in the area with 43% of the community composition. The Faviidae family and Acroporidae (33%) had the largest percentage in all transects. The form of coral growth consisted of Acropora Submassive (ACS) 53%, Coral Massive (CM) 30%, and for Acropora Branching (ACB) 16%. The highest diversity value is at point 3 of 1.64, and point 1 of 1.60, while the lowest is at point 2 of 0.56. The evenness index obtained at point 1 is 0.70, and at point 2 is 0.30. The dominance values obtained ranged from 0.25 to 0.52.Keywords: Community Structure; Hard Coral; Reef FlatAbstrakTerumbu karang merupakan salah satu potensi sumberdaya perairan yang baik di perairan laut Indonesia. Secara ekologis terumbu karang hanya dapat berkembang di wilayah beriklim tropis. Karang keras merupakan salah satu komponen penting sebagai penyusun ekosistem terumbu karang dan berperan penting bagi biota laut. Penelitian ini dilakukan di rataan terumbu Desa Walenekoko, Desa Pasir Panjang, Kecamatan Lembeh Selatan, Kota Bitung. Penelitian meliputi komposisi spesies, famili, dan bentuk kehidupan, serta indeks ekologi (keanekaragaman, keseragaman spesies, dan indeks dominasi). Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode Underwater Photo Transect (UPT). Hasil penelitian diperoleh 18 jenis karang keras yang termasuk dalam 5 famili. Montipora samarensis adalah spesies yang paling banyak ditemukan di daerah tersebut dengan persentase 43%. Famili Faviidae dan Acroporidae (33%) memiliki persentase terbesar di semua transek. Bentuk pertumbuhan karang terdiri dari: Acropora Submassive (ACS) 53%, Coral Massive (CM) 30%, dan untuk Acropora Branching (ACB) 16%. Nilai keanekaragaman tertinggi yaitu pada titik 3 sebesar 1,64, dan titik 1 sebesar 1.60, sedangkan yang termasuk rendah yaitu pada titik 2 sebesar 0,56. Indeks kemerataan diperoleh pada titik 1 sebesar 0,70, dan pada titik 2 sebesar 0.30. Nilai dominasi diperoleh berkisar antara 0.25 hingga 0.52.Kata kunci: Struktur Komunitas; Karang Keras; Rataan Terumbu.

Distribution and Diversity of Ascidian in Manado Bay, North Sulawesi Andreas J. P. L. Leleran; Silvester B. Pratasik; Meiske S. Salaki; Lawrence J. L. Lumingas; Alex D. Kambey; Suzanne L. Undap
Jurnal Ilmiah PLATAX Vol. 10 No. 1 (2022): ISSUE JANUARY-JUNE 2022
Publisher : Sam Ratulangi University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35800/jip.v10i1.38842

The purpose of this study was toÂ determineÂ the distribution and the diversity ofÂ ascidiansÂ in ManadoÂ Bay including species composition, density, diversity, and dominance. This study used the quadratÂ transectÂ method. This study found differences in the number ofÂ ascidianÂ species with water depth, 11 species of 5 families at 15 M depth, and 8 species of 3 families at 7 M depth. TheÂ diversity index ranged from 0.868 to 1.844 at 15 M depth and 0.965 to 1.864 at 7 M depth, the evenness index was 0.533 â€“ 0.839 at 15 M depth and 0.600 â€“ 0.897 at 7 M depth, the dominance index was 0.254 â€“ 0.745 at 15 M depth and 0.254 â€“ 0.708 at 7 M depth.Â AscidianÂ in ManadoÂ Bay had two distribution patterns, a uniform distribution pattern and a clustered distribution pattern. EnvironmentalÂ parametersÂ had a water temperature of 27Â oC â€“ 31Â oC, the salinity of 30Â 0/00Â â€“ 32Â 0/00, the brightness of 12 m â€“ 14 m, and pH of 8 â€“ 10.*Keywords: Ascidian;Â diversity; ecological index; distribution patternAbstrakTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui distribusi dan keanekaragaman jenis ascidia di perairan Teluk Manado meliputi: komposisi jenis, kepadatan individu, keanekaragaman, dan dominansi. Serta mengetahui pola distribusi ascidia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode transek kuadran. Pada penelitian ini ditemukan perbedaan jumlah spesies ascidia menurut kedalaman, 11 spesies dari 5 family pada 15 M dan 8 spesies dari 3 famili pada kedalaman 7 m. Nilai indeks keanekaragaman ascidia di kedalaman 15 m = 0.868 â€“ 1.844 dan 7 m = 0.965 - 1.864, indeks keseragaman 15 m = 0.533 â€“ 0.839 dan 7 m = 0.600 â€“ 0.897, indeks Dominasi15 m = 0.254 â€“ 0.745 dan 7 m = 0.254 â€“ 0.708. Ascdia di perairan Teluk Manado memiliki dua pola distribusi yaitu pola distribusi seragam dan pola distribusi mengelopok. Parameter lingkungan memiliki suhu air 27Â oC â€“ 31Â oC, salinitas 30Â 0/00Â â€“ 32Â 0/00, kecerahan 12 m â€“ 14 m, dan pH 8 â€“ 10.*Kata kunci : Ascidia; keanekaragaman; indeks ekologi; pola distribusi

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