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IDJP (Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutics)

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Published by Universitas Padjadjaran

ISSN : - EISSN : 25978748 DOI : -

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The Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutics (IdJP) is an established international journal for pharmaceutical scientists concerned in all fields of pharmaceutical sciences, including pharmaceutical preformulation, formulation, manufacturing technologies, drug delivery systems, biopharmaceutics, and pharmacokinetics for drugs, vaccines and biologicals. IdJP also includes pharmaceutical engineering and industrial pharmacy topics.

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Articles 60 Documents

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Preparation and Characterization of Glucosamine Nanoparticle by Ionic Gelation Method Using Chitosan and Alginate Yuli Agung Prasetyo; Taofik Rusdiana; Marline Abdassah
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutics Vol 1, Issue 1, Jan - April 2019
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran (Unpad)

Osteoarthritis is a chronic degenerative disease of the joints that usually treated by NSAID drugs in the long term leading to cardiovascular and gastrointestinal disorders. Glucosamine is a precursor in the formation of progression of joint which have not a significantly side effect. The problem in glucosamine administration occured when it is administered through the oral route resulting in first pass metabolism, while when it is administered via intavena route resulting in insulin resistance. Those problems can be solved by developing glucosamine into nanoglucosamine in order to increase the enzymatic stability which will protect the active ingredient from diminishing by the first pass effect hence the dose can be reduced, consequenlty it will reduce the insulin resistance, and increase the permeation. In this study, the nanoparticles of glucosamine with chitosan polymer and crosslinker alginate was prepared by the ionic gelation method with the principle of continued cross forming polyelectrolyte complexes. This study started from preformulation such as solubility and identify study by FTIR, then the formulations of chitosan: glucosamine: alginate = 5:1:1 (volume ratio) with the variation of concentration in the FI (chitosan: glucosamine: alginate = 0.08 %: 0.1%: 0.08%) and FII (chitosan: glucosamine: alginate = 0.1%: 0.1%: 0.08%). Results of nanoparticle characterization by particle size analyzer in the FI showed the better formula indicating a foggy coloid, no precipitation, the pH was 2.90±0.05, and the percent transmittance was 99.35%. The distribution of particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential for the formula I were 76.0 ± 21.8 nm; 0.300; and -0.30 mV, respectively. It could be concluded that the nanoparticle system of glucosamine can be better prepared from the 0.08% of chitosan, 0.1% of glucosamine and 0.08% of alginate.Keywords: alginate, chitosan, ionic gelation method, glucosamine nanoparticle

Exploration of Proteins Involved in Acquisition of Resistance to Cetuximab Hironori Nakamura; Ayumu Nagamine; Hideaki Yashima; Takuya Araki; Koujirou Yamamoto
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutics Vol 1, Issue 1, Jan - April 2019
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran (Unpad)

Anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) show high efficacy in about 50% of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients with wild-type KRAS. However, < 20% of patients with KRAS wild-type CRC have continued therapeutic effects with these agents, and acquired resistance to treatment has become a serious clinical problem. In this study, to clarify the factors related to acquisition of resistance to cetuximab (Cmab) and establish countermeasures against such acquired resistance, we conducted a comprehensive protein analysis via a proteomics approach using acquired resistance cell lines derived from Cmab-sensitive CRC cell lines and original cell lines. Cmab-acquired resistance cell lines were generated by continuous exposure of SW48 and C99 cell lines to Cmab. Expression of dCK and zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 41 (ZBTB41) increased more than 10-fold, and dual specificity protein phosphatase 3 (DUS3) expression decreased by less than 1/10 with acquisition of resistance to Cmab in both C99 and SW48 cell lines. Because overexpression of dCK is known as a positive indicator of efficacy of nucleoside analogs such as cytarabine or gemcitabine, it is considered that nucleoside analogs activated by dCK may be useful agents in treatment of cancers with acquired Cmab-resistance. In the future, we need to clarify the usefulness of these drugs for the treatment of Cmab resistant CRC and to assess the possibility of restoration of Cmab sensitivity by regulation of ZBTB41 and DUS3 expression.Keyword : cetuximab, colorectal cancer, acquired resistance, protein, dCK, ZBTB41

The Impact of Sunitinib N-oxide as a Photodegradation Product of Sunitinib Miki Takenaka; Yuta Takahashi; Hideaki Yashima; Takuya Araki; Koujirou Yamamoto
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutics Vol 1, Issue 1, Jan - April 2019
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran (Unpad)

During treatment with sunitinib, dosage adjustment according to the monitored blood concentration of sunitinib and SU12662 is considered useful. On the other hand, the appearance of hand-foot skin reaction (HFSR) cannot be explained by blood sunitinib concentration alone. Although light exposure greatly affects skin disorders associated with medication use, the photodegradation of sunitinib has not been studied in detail. Here, we investigated the photodegradation products of sunitinib using LC-MS and examined cytotoxic activities using an MTT assay. N-desethyl sunitinib and sunitinib N-oxide were identified as photodegradation products, and their concentrations increased under irradiation in a time-dependent manner. Although the IC50 value of N-desethyl sunitinib in the HEK 293 cell line (11.6 µmol/L) was similar to that of sunitinib (8.6 µmol/L), the IC50 value of sunitinib N-oxide (121.9 µmol/L) was over 10 times higher than that of sunitinib. In addition, N-desethyl sunitinib and sunitinib N-oxide were found in blood obtained from a patient taking sunitinib (24.7 and 2.3 ng/mL, respectively). Because the appearance of adverse drug reactions associated with sunitinib can be reduced by using α-tocopherol nicotinate, which has a strong antioxidant effect, we believe that sunitinib N-oxide might strongly promote the development of HFSR.Keyword : sunitinib, sunitinib N-oxide, photodegradation product, light

Formulation and Evaluation of Ketoprofen Gel Preparations, Sesami Oil Soybean Oil and Oleic Acid as Enhancers Rugun Clara Samosir; Iyan Sopyan; Dolih Gozali
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutics Vol 1, Issue 1, Jan - April 2019
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran (Unpad)

Permeation is a measurable profile in drug penetration in skin. Adding increasing permeation substance (enhancer) in drug formulation is an important thing in pharmaceutical and toxicology in nowadays. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of sesame oil, soybean oil, and oleic acid as enhancer in ketoprofen gel permeation. Six formula were prepared by varying concentration of sesame oil, soybean oil, and oleic acid respectively 5% and 10% and one blank, without enhancer. Permeation test was evaluated by in vitro permeation test using Franz diffusion cell method and shed snake skin of reticulated python as a membrane. Permeation test were carried out for 6 hours. The result showed that sesame oil, soybean oil, and oleic acid were able to increase ketoprofen permeation. B1 formula that contain 5% sesame oil had greatest percent permeation after 6 hours is 5.913%, while blank that contain no enhancer is 0.623%.Keywords: ketoprofen, permeation, enhancer, soybean oil, sesame oil, oleic acid.

Influence of Emollient on the Preparation and stability of Sodiun Ascorbyl Phospate Cream Yanni Dhiani Mardhiani; Deny Puriyani Azhari; Silviana Wulansari
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutics Vol 1, Issue 1, Jan - April 2019
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran (Unpad)

As a type of cosmetic preparation products, cream dosage form is widely used with the addition of active substances having antioxidant activities, such as vitamin C and its derivatives. Sodium ascorbyl phosphate (SAP) can be used in topical formulation due to its more stable properties than ascorbic acid. However, it is difficult to deliver SAP into the dermis in a suficient dose. To overcome the problem, occasionally we can add a penetration enhancer. In some literature, emollients that often added in cosmetic preparations also have another effect as a penetration enhancer. The purpose of this research was to observe wether emollient addition could influence the penetration of SAP in the cream formulation or not. SAP was formulated into four formulations with three different emollients: dimethicone (F1), capric triglyceride (F2), and isopropyl myristate (F3) and a formulation without the addition of emollients (F4). The diffusion test was performed by Franz's diffusion cell method using male wistar rat’s abdominal membrane as a standard model of the skin barrier. The result of stability test showed that SAP cream was stable at room temperature but unstable on freeze thaw condition described by significant different values for all formulas. Nonetheless, the diffusion test showed that F2 with the capric triglyceride as emollient had the highest ability to pass SAP through the membrane, followed by isopropyl miristate. We concluded that emollient addition could influence the penetration of the cream of SAP.Keywords: vitamin c, ascorbic acid, sodium ascorbyl phospate, emollient, penetration enhancer

Formulation of Peel-off Gel Mask containing Mung Bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) Extract Patihul Husni; Ella Masliana Dewi
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutics Vol 1, Issue 2, May - August 2019
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran (Unpad)

Mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) is one of the plants that rich in antioxidant compound. Antioxidant is a compound that can inhibit the skin aging process because of photoaging. The aim of this study was to formulate peel-off gel mask containing mung bean (Vigna Radiata (L.) Wilczek) extract using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a base of mask and Hidroxy Prophyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) as a viscosity increasing agent and to determine the antioxidant activity of the peel-off gel mask. Antioxidant activity was tested using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-pycrilhidrazil) assay. Mung bean was extracted by maceration method using ethanol 96%. The concentration of mung bean extract in the peel-off mask gel was 4% and various concentration of PVA were 5% (F1), 7.5% (F2), 10%(F3). The evaluations were organoleptic, pH, viscosity, drying and film forming, and gel spreadness. The study result showed that the organoleptic of the gel was brownish yellow with pH approximately 6, 196-513 cps in viscosity, 0.0646-0.0730 cm/g in gel spreadness and 27.6-54.5 second in drying and film forming. F3 containing mung bean extract 4%, PVA 10%, HPMC 2%, propylene glycol 15%, potassium sorbate 0,2%, olive oil 0,5%, alpha tocopherol 0,05 and aquadest ad 100% was the best formula with IC50 value was 85,2793 ppm and significantly different than F1 and F2 (p < 0.05).Keywords: peel-off gel mask, mung bean extract, Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek, antioxidant

Fabrication of Native and Enzymatically Modified Durian Seed (Durio zibethinus Murr.) Starch Susi Afrianti Rahayu; Nasrul Wathoni; Sriwidodo Sriwidodo; Lisa Sophianingsih
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutics Vol 1, Issue 2, May - August 2019
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran (Unpad)

Durian seed (Durio zibethinus Murr.) has a high starch content (46.2%) and thus can be used as a new source of starch for the raw materials of pharmaceutical and food industries. In this study, we fabricated native and enzymatically modified durian seed starch using a rough enzyme extract from Saccharomycopsis fibuligera. Wet grinding method was used for starch production. Physicochemical characterization of the starches was investigated by organoleptic, acidity-basicity, loss on drying, flow capability, compressibility, ash content and microbial limit. In addition, viscoamylograph had been done to clarify the viscosity properties of the starches. The result of starch production showed that the durian seed had a starch yield of 17.68%. Physicochemical characterization of the starch showed that the results of quality testing had fulfilled the Indonesian Pharmacopoeia 4th edition standards requirements, such as description, identification, acidity-basicity, loss on drying, ash content and microbial limit. In addition, viscoamylograph study showed that the enzymatically modified durian seed starch had a higher viscosity than the native durian seed starch. Interestingly, modification of the durian seed starch using a rough enzyme extract improved its flow capability and compressibility. These results suggest that the modified durian seed starch experienced an increase in viscosity, compressibility and flow capability compared to native durian starch. Keywords: durian, seed, starch, enzymatic modification

Isolation and Characterization of Microcrystalline Cellulose Derived from Plants as Excipient in Tablet : A Review Nagina Gulab Belali; Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa; Taofik Rusdiana
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutics Vol 1, Issue 2, May - August 2019
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran (Unpad)

Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is a versatile and frequently used material in different industries such as pharmaceuticals production, medical, cosmetics, and food industry. Its qualities of being inert, economic, compatibility, compatibility, non-toxicity, biodegradability, good mechanical properties, high surface area, variety and availability of different grades and biocompatibility has made it very popular. Many research has been done on MCC to isolate it from different plant sources that are economical and eco-friendly. MCC is extracted from α cellulose that is abundant in nature as most of MCC is produced from wood. However, new eco-friendly sources with changes in methods of isolation have been applied for the production of MCC. In this review MCC isolated from different plant-based resources, extraction process parameters, the origin of raw material and its influence on critical material attributes of MCC has been outlined and discussed thoroughly. Since these critical material attributes have a significant effect on tablet making process parameters (compressibility, compatibility and etc) and its post-compression characters.Keywords: Microcrystalline cellulose, isolation, characterization, raw material, tablet

Antioxidant Activities of Muntingia calabura, Syzygium cumini, Ocimum basilicum, and Eleutherine bulbosa using DPPH Method Ani Haerani; Anis Yohana Chaerunisa; Anas Subarnas
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutics Vol 1, Issue 2, May - August 2019
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran (Unpad)

Antioxidants are substances that can provide endogenous protection and exogenous oxidative stress by capturing free radicals. Many plants are efficacious as antioxidants, namely plants that contain polyphenols, especially flavonoids, so many are formulated as natural antioxidants. Plants such as Muntingia calabura, Syzygium cumini, Ocimum basilicum, and Eleutherine bulbosa contain polyphenol compounds, especially flavonoids which are efficacious as natural antioxidants. This research aimed to study antioxidant activity derived from some potential plants using the DPPH method by calculating the IC50 value of each plant extract. This research method starts from the determination process to prove the validity of the plants used, the extraction process using the maceration method with 70% ethanol solvent, then the antioxidant activity of extracts from each plant was carried out using the DPPH method. This research starts from the determination process to ensure the correctness of the plants used, then the extraction process is carried out using the maceration method with 70% ethanol solvent. After that the antioxidant activity was determined from the four plants using the DPPH method to see the strongest IC50 value among the four plants. IC50 is the concentration of the sample to inhibit 50% of free radicals. The results of IC50 values from ethanol extract of M. calabura leaves, Syzygium cumini leaves, Ocimum basilicum leaves and Eleutherine bulbosa bulbs, were 18.72; 63,84; 141.59 and 173.15 ppm. Ethanol extract of M. Calabura has a smaller IC50 value of 18.72 ppm which has a very strong and most powerful antioxidant from the ethanol extract of Syzygium cumini, Ocimum basilicum and Eleutherine bulbosa. Keywords : Antioxidant, Muntingia calabura, Syzygium cumini, Ocimum basilicum, Eleutherine bulbosa, DPPH Method

The Effect of Citronella Oil Concentration (Cymbopogon nardus (L. ) Rendle) on the Quality of Shampoo and Antifungal Activity of Candida albicans Lidya Ameliana; Alik Almawadah; Lestyo Wulandari
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutics Vol 1, Issue 2, May - August 2019
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran (Unpad)

Citronella oil (Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle) was formulated into shampoo preparations to overcome dandruff. Dandruff is a condition which exfoliation of the excess horny layer on the scalp and forms fine scales caused by fungal infections of Candida albicans. The purpose of this study was to determine the antifungal activity and quality of the citronella oil shampoo. Citronella oil was taken using a steam distillation method. The oil produced has good quality because it meet the range of organoleptic requirements, which were the refractive index 1.483, density 0.890g/mL and citronellal content 41.720%. MIC (Minimum Inhibition Concentration) to find out the lowest concentration of shampoo which can still inhibit the growth of Candida albicans was 2%. Citronella oil then formulated into shampoo with F1 (4%) F2 (6%) and F3 (8%) oil concentrations. The results of the quality of shampoo evaluation showed that all formulations met the requirements of pH, viscosity, and foam height. In testing the antifungal activity of shampoo was known that the greater the concentration of oil in the shampoo, the greater the antifungal activity in the shampoo.Keywords: Citronella oil, shampoo, antifungal activity

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