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The Impact of Hydraulic Retention Time on the Biomethane Production from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) in Two-Stage Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Reactor Ramadhani, Laily Isna; Damayanti, Sri Ismiyati; Sudibyo, Hanifrahmawan; Azis, Muhammad Mufti; Budhijanto, Wiratni
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 10, No 1 (2021): February 2021
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/ijred.2021.20639

Abstract

Indonesia is currently the most significant crude palm oil (CPO) producer in the world. In the production ofCPO, 0.7m3 of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) is emitted as the wastewater for every ton of fresh fruit bunches processed in the palm oil mill.With the increasing amount of CPO production, an effective POME treatment system is urgently required to prevent severe environmental damage. The high organic content in the POME is a potential substrate forbio-methane production. The biomethane production is carried out by two groups of microbes, i.e., acidogenic and methanogenic microbes. Each group of bacteria performs optimally at different optimum conditions. To optimize the biomethane production, POME was treated sequentially by separating the acidogenic and methanogenic microbes into two stages of anaerobic fluidized bed reactors (AFBR). The steps were optimized differently according to the favorable conditions of each group of bacteria. Although perfect separation cannot be achieved, this study showed that pH control could split the domination of the bacteria, i.e., the first stage (maintained at pH 4-5) was dominated by the acidogenic microbes and the second stage (kept neutral) was governed by methanogens. In addition to the pH control, natural zeolitewas added as microbial immobilization media in the AFBR to improve the performance of the microorganisms, especially in preventing microbial wash out at short hydraulic retention time (HRT). This study was focused on the understanding of the effect of HRT on the performance of steady-state continuous AFBR. The first stage as the acidogenic reactorwas rununder acidic conditions (pH 4-5) at five different HRTs. In comparison, the second stage as the methanogenic reactorwasrun under the neutral condition at four different HRTs. In this work,short HRT (5 days) resulted in better performance in both acidogenic AFBR and methanogenic AFBR. The immobilization media was hence essential to reduce the risk of washout at such a short HRT. The two-stage system also resulted in quite a high percentage of soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) removal, which was as much as 96.06%sCOD.
Simulasi Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Proses Produksi Gula di Brazil dengan OpenLCA Alfian Hayu Sudibya; Titi Tiara Anasstasia; Muhammad Mufti Azis; Sarto Sarto
Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia "Kejuangan" 2020: PROSIDING SNTKK 2020
Publisher : Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia "Kejuangan"

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Abstract

Development of Ultralow Interfacial Tension Lignosulfonate from Kraft Black Liquor for Enhanced Oil Recovery Muhammad Mufti Azis; Fergie Febrina; Ignesti Anindia; Galuh Almas Darmawati; Desi Amalia Fenyka; Suryo Purwono; Rochmadi Rochmadi
Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences Vol. 53 No. 2 (2021)
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services, Institut Teknologi Bandung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2021.53.2.10

Abstract

Indonesia aims to implement large-scale enhanced oil recovery (EOR) to increase the national oil production. Chemical EOR is a promising technology to boost the production of old reservoirs with the aid of surfactants and polymers. Thus, the production of low-cost EOR surfactants from local resources with acceptable performance is highly attractive. The objective of the present work was to demonstrate the development of low-cost lignosulfonate surfactant production from kraft black liquor (BL). First, lignin was isolated from black liquor using a novel CO2 bubbling technique, followed by addition of coagulants. Next, sodium lignosulfonate (SLS) was synthesized from the resulting lignin, followed by formulation of SLS with octanol and palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) soap to obtain an ultralow interfacial tension (IFT) surfactant. The initial IFT value of the SLS solution was already high at 0.7 mN/m. After formulation, the composition SLS:PFAD soap:octanol = 70:22:8 (wt%) improved the IFT value to 3.1 10-3 mN/m. An ultralow IFT in the range of 10-3 mN/m as achieved here fulfills the required IFT value for EOR surfactant.
Pemodelan Dinamika Awal Adsorpsi Na2S dalam Kolom Bahan Isian Biji Salak (Salacca Zalacca) Irma Atika Sari; Muhammad Mufti Azis; Siti Syamsiah; Sutijan Sutijan
Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 9, No 1 (2015)
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (724.249 KB) | DOI: 10.22146/jrekpros.24523

Abstract

Biofiltration is a promising method for gas purification due to its efficiency and low operating cost. One way to utilize biofiltration is in biogas purification where H2S is removed from the biogas product. The presence of H2S may cause severe corrosion in biogas processing facilities. By the use of biofilter, H2S is dissolved and adsorbed on packing material. This study investigated the adsorption process that occured during the beginning of biofilter operation. Na2S has been used as a model compound for H2S with packing material from snake fruit seeds. In this study, we have investigated the influence of liquid flowrate and inlet concentration of Na2S solutions. Na2S solution was fed from the top part of the column and trickled down through the snake fruit seed bed. The dissolved sulfide left the column from the bottom part which was then collected in a sample bottle and analized periodically with UV-VIS spectrophotometer. A one dimensional mathematical model of the adsorption column with respect to z direction was proposed to describe the adsorption behavior. In addition, Freundlich isotherm was used to describe the solid-liquid adsorption equilibrium. The experimental results showed that low flowrates i.e. 1.59 and 2.97 mL/s gave larger adsorption capacities than higher flowrate i.e. 3.96 and 5.58 mL/s. In addition, the influence of inlet concentrations to the breakthrough characteristics were found to be negligible. The fitting results estimated the values of DL=1.3174.10-7 m2/s, α=1.002.10-4 and n=12.661. As a result, it could be concluded that the axial diffusion had small influence on the adsorption of Na2S solution. In addition, the small value of α as well as large value of n indicated that the adsorption capacity of snake fruit seeds was relatively small. Keywords : snake fruit seed, biofiltration, adsorption, adsorption equilibrium, Na2S, sulfide Biofiltrasi adalah teknologi yang menjanjikan dalam pemurnian gas karena efisiensi yang tinggi serta biaya operasi yang rendah. Salah satu pemanfaatan biofiltrasi yang cukup menjanjikan adalah pemurnian biogas dimana gas H2S dipisahkan dari produk biogas akhir. Keberadaan gas H2S pada biogas dapat menyebabkan korosi pada peralatan pemrosesan biogas. Dalam biofilter, H2S akan terlarut dan kemudian akan teradsorpsi pada bahan isian. Penelitian ini mempelajari proses adsorpsi yang terjadi di awal proses biofiltrasi terhadap sulfida terlarut. Disini, larutan Na2S telah digunakan sebagai komponen model H2S untuk dijerap dengan bahan isian biji salak. Variabel proses yang dipelajari adalah variasi laju alir cairan dan variasi konsentrasi input larutan Na2S. Larutan Na2S dilewatkan pada kolom biofiltrasi dari atas melewati bahan isian biji salak, kemudian sulfida terlarut yang keluar pada kolom bawah ditampung dalam botol sampel dan dianalisis pada berbagai waktu dengan menggunakan UV-VIS spektrofotometer. Pemodelan matematika proses adsorpsi telah disusun dengan model adsorpsi 1 dimensi ke arah z. Persamaan kesetimbangan yang digunakan menggunakan persamaan kesetimbangan Freundlich. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa dengan debit aliran yang kecil seperti 1,59 dan 2,97 mL/det didapatkan penjerapan yang lebih besar jika dibandingkan dengan debit aliran besar seperti 3,96 dan 5,58 mL/det. Sementara itu, pengaruh konsentrasi umpan terhadap karakteristik kurva breakthrough relatif kecil. Hasil fitting memberikan nilai DL=1,3174.10-7 m2/s, α=1,002.10-4 dan n=12,661. Dengan demikian, secara umum dapat disimpulkan bahwa difusi longitudinal pada kolom adsorpsi berperan kecil terhadap proses adsorpsi sulfida. Sedangkan nilai α yang kecil serta n yang besar pada persamaan Freundlich menunjukkan kapasitas penjerapan biji salak yang relatif kecil. Kata kunci: biji salak, biofiltrasi, adsorpsi, kesetimbangan adsorpsi, Na2S, sulfide
Mathematical Modelling and Simulation of Hydrotropic Delignification Indah Hartati; Wahyudi Budi Sediawan; Hary Sulistyo; Muhammad Mufti Azis; Moh Fahrurrozi
Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 13, No 1 (2019)
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (586.363 KB) | DOI: 10.22146/jrekpros.42364

Abstract

A B S T R A C TDelignification is a fundamental step in bio-refinery for lignocellulose feedstock processing. Hydrotropic delignification is considered as a promising alternative compared to other conventional delignification processes due to the use of mild chemicals. In this paper, a quantitative description of hydrotropic delignification for a cylindrical biomass particle is presented by using fundamental concepts of chemical kinetics and transport processes. The development of hydrotropic delignification model was based on following assumptions: i) lignin in the biomass is immobile, ii) delignification is considered as a simultaneous process which involves intra-particle diffusion of hydrotropic agent followed by second order reaction for lignin and hydrotropic chemical, as well as intra-particle product diffusion. Finite difference approximation was applied to solve the resulting partial and ordinary differential equations. The simulation results of the proposed model may describe the concentration profiles of lignin, hydrotropic agent and soluble product distributions in a cylindrical solid particle as a function of radial position and time. In addition, the model could also predict the concentration of hydrotropic agent and soluble product in the liquid phase as well as the yield and conversion as a function of time. A local sensitivity analysis method using one factor at a time (OFAT), has been applied to investigate the influence of particle size and hydrotropic agent concentration to the yield and conversion of the hydrotropic delignification model. Validation of the proposed model was conducted by comparing the numerical results with an analytical solution for a simple case diffusion in cylinder with constant surface concentration and in the absence of chemical reaction. The validation result showed that the hydrotropic delignification model was in good agreement with the analytical solution.Keywords: cylindrical particle; delignification; hydrotropic; modelling; simulation A B S T R A KDelignifikasi merupakan tahap penting dalam proses biorefineri biomassa berlignoselulosa. Delignifikasi hidrotropi adalah salah satu alternative proses yang memiliki beberapa kelebihan dibandingkan proses-proses delignifikasi konvensional karena tidak menggunakan bahan kimia berbahaya. Dalam artikel ini disajikan deskripsi kuantitatif proses delignifikasi hidrotropi untuk partikel berbentuk silinder dengan menggunakan konsep fundamental kinetika reaksi dan proses-proses perpindahan. Penyusunan model proses delignifikasi hidrotropi dilakukan berdasarkan asumsi-asumsi bahwa i) lignin pada biomassa bersifat immobile, ii) proses delignifikasi dipandang sebagai suatu rangkaian proses simultan yang terdiri atas proses difusi intrapartikel senyawa hidrotrop, reaksi order dua terhadap lignin dan senyawa hidrotrop, serta difusi intrapartikel produk delignifikasi. Finite difference approximation (FDA) digunakan untuk menyelesaikan persamaan simultan berbentuk persamaan diferensial ordiner dan persamaan diferensial parsial dalam tahap pemodelan. Hasil simulasi memberikan gambaran profil distribusi konsentrasi lignin, konsentrasi senyawa hidrotrop dan produk delignifikasi di dalam partikel padatan yang berbentuk silinder sebagai fungsi posisi dan waktu. Model yang dikembangkan juga dapat memprediksi konsentrasi senyawa hidrotropik dan produk di fasa cairan, serta yield dan konversi sebagai fungsi waktu.  Metode analisis sensitivitas lokal, yakni metode one factor at a time (OFAT), digunakan untuk mengkaji pengaruh ukuran partikel dan konsentrasi senyawa hidrotropik terhadap yield dan konversi proses delignifikasi. Validasi model yang diajukan dilakukan dengan membandingkan hasil analisa numerik dengan hasil penyelesaian analitis untuk kasus difusi pada silinder dengan konsentrasi permukaan yang konstan serta tidak melibatkan reaksi kimia. Hasil validasi model menunjukkan bahwa model delignifikasi hidrotropi yang diajukan memiliki kesesuaian yang tinggi dengan hasil penyelesaian analitis.Kata kunci: delignifikasi; hidrotropi; pemodelan; silinder; simulasi
Studi Penambahan Etilena Glikol dalam Menghambat Pembentukan Metana Hidrat pada Proses Pemurnian Gas Alam Muslikhin Hidayat; Danang Tri Hartanto; Muhammad Mufti Azis; Sutijan Sutijan
Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 14, No 2 (2020)
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jrekpros.59871

Abstract

The gas processing facilities are designed to significantly reduce the impurities such as water vapor, heavy hydrocarbon, carbon dioxide, carbonyl sulfide (COS), benzene-toluene-xylene (BTX), mercaptane, and the sulfur compounds. A small amount of those compounds in natural gas is not preferable since they disturb the next processes.  It was proposed to decrease natural gas's operating temperature to -20 ⁰F to remove the impurities from natural gas. The decrease of the natural gas's operating temperature has some consequences to the gas mixers such as hydrate formation at high pressure and low temperature, solidification of ethylene glycol (EG) solution, and the icing of the surface due to low temperature on the surface of chiller (three constraints). The Aspen Hysys 8.8 was used to obtain the suitable flowrate and concentration of the EG solution injected into the natural gas. Peng-Robinson's model was considered the most appropriate thermodynamic property model, and thus it has been applied for this research. The calculation results showed that the EG solution injection would reduce the hydrate formation due to water vapor absorption in the natural gas by EG. The EG solution's flowrate and concentration were varied from 20,000-2,000,000 lb/hr and 80-90 wt.%. When the separation was carried out at the operating temperature of -20 ⁰F, the EG solution's concentration fulfilling the requirement was of 80-84 wt.% with the flowrate of EG solution of 900,000 lb/hr and even more. This amount is not operable. More focused investigation was done for the variation of the operating temperature. Increasing operating temperature significantly reduced the flowrate of EG solution to about 200,000 lb/hr. An alternative process was proposed by focusing on two concentration cases of 80 and 85 % of weight at the low flow rate of EG solution, respectively. These simulations were intended to predict impurities' concentration in the effluent of Dew Point Control Unit (DPCU). The concentrations of BTX, heavy hydrocarbon, mercaptane, and COS flowing out of DPCU were 428.1 ppm, 378.4 ppm, 104 ppm, and 13.3 ppm, respectively. The concentrations of BTX and heavy hydrocarbon are greater than the minimum standard required. It is needed to install an absorber to absorb BTX and heavy hydrocarbon. However, the absorber capacity will be much smaller than if the temperature of natural gas is not decreased and not injected by the EG solution.Keywords: DPCU gas treatment; ethylene glycol solution; hydrate formation; simulationA B S T R A KUnit pengolahan gas dirancang untuk mengurangi sebagian besar senyawa pengotor seperti uap air, hidrokarbon berat, karbon dioksida, karbonil sulfida (COS), benzena-toluena-xilena (BTX), merkaptan, dan senyawa sulfur lainnya. Keberadaan senyawa tersebut dalam gas alam berbahaya karena mengganggu proses selanjutnya walaupun dalam jumlah sedikit. Untuk membersihkan gas alam dari senyawa pengotor, maka suhu operasi gas diturunkan menjadi -20 °F. Penurunan suhu operasi gas dapat menyebabkan pembentukan hidrat pada tekanan tinggi dan suhu rendah, pembekuan larutan etilena glikol (EG), dan pembentukan lapisan es pada permukaan chiller. Aspen Hysys 8.8 digunakan untuk memperkirakan berapa kecepatan alir dan konsentrasi larutan EG yang diinjeksikan ke gas alam. Model Peng-Robinson adalah model termodinamika yang diterapkan untuk penelitian ini. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa injeksi larutan EG dapat mengurangi pembentukan hidrat karena larutan EG menyerap uap air dalam gas alam. Kecepatan alir dan konsentrasi larutan EG divariasikan dari 20.000-2.000.000 lb/jam dan 80-90 % (%b/b). Saat pemisahan dilakukan pada suhu operasi -20 °F, konsentrasi larutan EG yang memenuhi syarat adalah 80-84 % (%b/b) dengan kecepatan alir larutan EG 900.000 lb/jam atau lebih. Jumlah ini sangat banyak dan kurang layak untuk dioperasikan. Penelitian difokuskan pada variasi suhu operasi. Peningkatan suhu operasi diikuti dengan pengurangan kecepatan aliran larutan EG secara signifikan yaitu menjadi sekitar 200.000 lb/jam. Alternatif proses diusulkan dengan berfokus pada penggunaan kecepatan alir larutan EG yang rendah dengan konsentrasi larutan EG sebesar 80 dan 85 % (%b/b). Simulasi dapat memprediksi konsentrasi pengotor yang keluar dari Dew Point Control Unit (DPCU). Konsentrasi BTX, hidrokarbon berat, merkaptan, dan COS yang mengalir keluar dari DPCU berturut-turut adalah 428,1 ppm, 378,4 ppm, 104 ppm, dan 13,3 ppm. Konsentrasi BTX dan hidrokarbon berat tersebut lebih besar dari standar minimum yang disyaratkan. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan pemasangan absorber untuk menyerap BTX dan hidrokarbon berat. Namun, kapasitas absorber akan jauh lebih kecil apabila dibandingkan dengan kondisi tanpa menurunkan suhu dan menginjeksikan oleh larutan EG.Kata kunci: DPCU; larutan etilena glikol; pembentukan hidrat; simulasi 
Kinetic Modeling of C3H6 Inhibition on NO Oxidation over Pt Catalyst Muhammad Mufti Azis; Derek Creaser
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2016: BCREC Volume 11 Issue 1 Year 2016 (April 2016)
Publisher : Department of Chemical Engineering - Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (658.085 KB) | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.11.1.412.27-33

Abstract

Exhaust after treatment for lean burn and diesel engine is a complex catalytic system that consists of a number of catalytic units. Pt/Al2O3 is often used as a model Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) that plays an important role to facilitate oxidation of NO to NO2. In the present study, we proposed a detailed kinetic model of NO oxidation as well as low temperature C3H6 inhibition to simulate temperature-programmed reaction (TPR) data for NO oxidation over Pt/Al2O3. A steady-state microkinetic model based on Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism for NO oxidation was proposed. In addition, low temperature C3H6 inhibition was proposed as a result of site blocking as well as surface nitrite consumption. The model can explain the experimental data well over the studied temperature range. 
Experimental and Kinetic Modeling of Galactose Valorization to Levulinic Acid Retno Ringgani; Muhammad Mufti Azis; Rochmadi Rochmadi; Arief Budiman
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2022: BCREC Volume 17 Issue 2 Year 2022 (June 2022)
Publisher : Department of Chemical Engineering - Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.17.2.14032.451-465

Abstract

Levulinic acid, a versatile chemical building block, was derived from C6-sugar galactose using sulfuric acid as the catalyst. Galactose is monosaccharide of polysaccharides constituent that is mostly contained in third generation biomass, macro-microalgae. It currently receives high attention to be a source of renewable feedstock. The effect of temperature, catalyst concentration and initial substrate loadings were studied for 60 min, in the temperature range of 150–190 °C, acid concentration of 0.25–0.75 M and initial substrate loading of 0.05–0.25 M. The highest levulinic acid yield of 40.08 wt% was achieved under the following conditions: 0.05 M galactose, 0.75 M acid concentration, 170 °C temperature, and 40 min reaction time. The kinetic model was developed by first order pseudo-irreversible reaction. The results showed that the proposed model could capture the experimental data well. These results suggested that galactose, derived from macro- and micro-algae, can potentially be converted and applied for platform chemicals. Copyright © 2022 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0). 
Studi Injeksi Surfaktan Sodium Lignosulfonat (SLS) pada Media Sandstone dan Limestone Dalam Rangka Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Ariff Trisetia Anggara; Muhammad Mufti Azis; Suryo Purwono
Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia "Kejuangan" 2019: PROSIDING SNTKK 2019
Publisher : Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia Kejuangan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Abstract

Pengaruh Variasi Tegangan dan Rasio [H2O2]/[COD] terhadap Penurunan COD pada Vinasse dengan Proses Elektro-Fenton Arista Dwi Rahmawati; Sarto Sarto; Muhammad Mufti Azis
Jurnal Chemurgy Vol 4, No 2 (2020): Jurnal Chemurgy-Desember 2020
Publisher : Universitas Mulawarman

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30872/cmg.v4i2.4735

Abstract

Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan pengaruh tegangan dan rasio [H2O2]/[COD] padapenurunan kebutuhan oksigen kimiawi (COD) pada pengolahan vinasse menggunakan Elektro-Fenton. Vinasse, salah satu limbah industri bioethanol memiliki kandungan bahan organik yang tinggi dengan ditandai tingginya kadar COD hingga lebih dari 100 g/L. Proses Elektro-Fenton (EF) merupakan salah satu metode proses oksidasi lanjutan (AOP) untuk menurunkan konsentrasi senyawa organik beracun yang dapat menghambat pengolahan air limbah proses biologis dengan meningkatkan proses reaksi fenton yang memanfaatkan proses elektrokimia. Metode elektrokimia yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu elektrolisis dengan menggunakan elektroda besi. Penelitian ini mempelajari pengaruh tegangan dan rasio [H2O2]/[COD] untuk mengevaluasi efektivitas reaksi Elektro-Fenton. Hasil dari percobaan menggunakan reaksi Elektro-Fenton menunjukkan penurunan COD sebesar 59,25% pada tegangan 6 dan rasio [H2O2]/[COD] sebesar 0,7 yang menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan EF efektif untuk mereduksi bahan organik dalam vinasse yang dapat menghambat pengolahan air limbah proses biologis. Studi ini menghasilkan bahwa perlakuan Elektro-Fenton mampu menurunkan COD dalam vinasse dan mengurangi dampak lingkungan yang dihasilkan oleh vinasse.Kata Kunci : proses oksidasi lanjutan, vinasse, elektro-fenton, wastewater treatment, kebutuhan oksigenkimiawi