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PERUBAHAN KETENTUAN GARIS PANTAI DALAM UNDANG-UNDANG PEMERINTAHAN DAERAH SERTA DAMPAKNYA TERHADAP PELAKSANAAN DESENTRALISASI PENGELOLAAN LAUT Merdekawati, Agustina; Triatmodjo, Marsudi; Darmayani, Putu Mia; Hasibuan, Irkham Afnan Trisandi
TANJUNGPURA LAW JOURNAL Vol 5, No 2 (2021): VOLUME 5 ISSUE 2, JULY 2021
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Tanjungpura University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26418/tlj.v5i2.45630

Abstract Law Number 23 of 2014 concerning Local Government introduced an alteration regarding the method used to measure provincial maritime boundaries. The Locall Government Act 2014 stipulates that the provincial government's maritime area is up to 12 nautical miles measured from the high-water line. This provision differs from the provision in Act Number 32 of 2004 concerning Regional Administration, which stipulated that the distance of 12 nautical miles is measured from the low-water line. This alteration of provision reflects the direction of national policies in the authority-sharing between the central and local governments on the management of maritime areas and resources. This study aims to analyze the impacts of the alteration in maritime boundary measurement in the Local Government Act 2014 in the implementation of decentralized maritime resource management. This research was conducted in a juridical-normative manner, using secondary data. The results show that the provision regarding the maritime boundaries in the Local Government Act 2014 has had implications in several aspects, namely (1) the decrease of the maritime resources administered by the provincial governments, (2) the decline in the allocation of funds received by the regional governments, and (3) increasing the emergence of new enclaved waters administered by the central government surrounded by marine area administered by the provincial governments. The results also indicate that the provision has been implemented at the level of harmonization of regulations at the central level, although it has not been implemented in provincial maritime boundary adjustments.Â Abstrak Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2014 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah (UU Pemda 2014) membawa perubahan mengenai garis pantai yang digunakan untuk mengukur batas laut yang dikelola oleh daerah. Dalam UU Pemda 2014 diatur bahwa luas wilayah laut yang dikelola oleh pemerintah daerah provinsi diukur sejauh maksimum 12 mil laut dari garis pantai air pasang tertinggi. Ketentuan tersebut berbeda dengan ketentuan dalam rezim Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah yang mengatur bahwa garis pantai yang digunakan untuk mengukur jarak 12 mil laut adalah garis pantai air surut terendah. Perubahan tersebut mencerminkan arah kebijakan nasional dalam ranah pembagian kewenangan pengelolaan wilayah laut antara pemerintah pusat dan pemerintah daerah provinsi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengalisis bagaimana dampak perubahan penentuan garis pantai dalam UU Pemda 2014 terhadap pelaksanaan desentralisasi pengelolaan sumber daya kelautan oleh pemerintah daerah provinsi. Penelitan dilakukanÂ secara yuridis-normatif, dengan menggunakan data sekunder. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perubahan ketentuan mengenai garis pantai dalam UU Pemda 2014 memiliki implikasi terhadap beberapa aspek, yaitu (1) berkurangnya sumber daya kelautan yang dikelola oleh daerah, (2) potensi berkurangnya besaran anggaran DAU dan DAK yang diterima oleh pemerintah daerah provinsi, dan (3) potensi bertambahnya perairan enklave yang dikelilingi laut yang dikelola oleh daerah. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa perubahan ketentuan garis pantai sudah terimplementasi pada level harmonisasi regulasi di tingkat pusat. Namun demikian, ketentuan tersebut belum terlaksana pada tataran penyesuaian batas daerah di laut.

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ON MARINE ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION OF OIL POLLUTION FROM VESSEL (A STUDY OF STRAITS MALACCA AND SINGAPORE) Isfarin, Nadia Nuraini; Triatmodjo, Marsudi
Indonesian Journal of International Law
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (390.126 KB)

This research is proposed to answer three problem. First, the rules of international law in the protection of the marine environment from oil pollution originating from vessel. Second, efforts were made by the three littoral countries cooperation in preventing, reducing and controlling oil pollution originating from vessel in the Straits of Malacca and Singapore. Third, the role of the government of Indonesia in prevention, reduce and control oil pollution originating from vessel in the Straits of Malacca and Singapore. This research is normative research using qualitative research methods. The research approach using statute approach and case approach. The results of this research shows that international law has been comprehensively regulate the protection of the marine environment from pollution by oil originating ships: the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982, The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ship (MARPOL) 73/78, International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness 1980, the Civil Liability Convention for Oil Damage (CLC) 1992 and the Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage (FUND) 1992. Second, Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore as states bordering the straits cooperate with other stakeholders (user states, user industries, IMO, NGOs) have established a cooperation mechanism in the form of cooperative forums, project coordination committee and the Aids to Navigation Fund. Third, Indonesia through its laws and regulations have ensured the prevention, reduction and control of oil pollution originating from vessel through Act No. 17 of 2008 on Shipping, Government Regulation No. 21 of 2010 on the Protection of Maritime Environment, and Presidential Decree No. 109 in 2006 on Disaster Emergency Due to Oil Spill in the ocean.

Implikasi Berlakunya Protokol Kyoto 1997 terhadap Indonesia Triatmodjo, Marsudi
Indonesian Journal of International Law
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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The 1997 Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change will entry into force in February 2005. The purpose of this protocol is to stabilize the green house effect concentration in the ozone layer to unharmed level for earth’s climate system. This protocol has a great influence to the developed countries that have a lot of contributions to emission of dangerous gas. Indonesia, as an agricultural country, as well as an archipelagic state, will get the effect of the climate change that have a bad influence to the water recycle and food production. Accordingly, this article will discuss about the implication of the Kyoto Protocol to Indonesia.

Geothermal Exploitation in a World Heritage Site: a Case Study of Gunung Leuser National Park Marsudi Triatmodjo; Agustina Merdekawati; Sandy Nurvianto; Irkham Afnan Trisandi Hasibuan; I Gusti Putu Agung
Yustisia Vol 10, No 1: April 2021
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/yustisia.v10i1.47797

Act Number 21of 2014 on Geothermal Energy is considered a solution to the slow development of geothermal energy utilization for power plants by opening the way for exploitation in conservation forest areas. However, in practice, such exploitation is still constrained because it often clashes with the conservation interest. This study aims to review: (1) the role of Act No. 21/2014 as a legal justification to conduct geothermal power plant exploitation in Gunung Kembar and Gunung Waihlup within the core zone of Gunung Leuser National Park (GLNP), and (2) the potential impact of such exploitation on the international recognition of Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra (TRHS) as a world heritage. This research is normative legal research, using secondary data consisting of primary and secondary legal materials, and employs a qualitative method to analyze the data. The results showed that Act Number 21 of 2014 could not justify geothermal exploitation activity within the core zone of GLNP. The study also concluded that the geothermal power plant activity is projected to have the potential to compromise TRHS recognition as a world heritage site.

ARTI PENTING COMMON HERITAGE OF MANKIND DALAM REZIM PENGATURAN AREA DAN PERKEMBANGANNYA [The Importance of the Common Heritage of Mankind Principle in the Regulation of the Area Regime and Its Development] Agustina Merdekawati; Marsudi Triatmodjo; Irkham Afnan Trisandi Hasibuan; Vivin Purnamawati; Nahda Anisa Rahma
Law Review Volume XXI, No. 3 - March 2022
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Pelita Harapan | Lippo Village, Tangerang 15811 - Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.19166/lr.v0i3.4198

UNCLOS 1982 adopted the Common Heritage of Mankind (CHM) principle for the newly established Area regime. The Area regime governs the utilization of the minerals in the deep seabed and ocean floor and the subsoil thereof beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. The CHM principle requires the utilization of the Area to be carried out for the benefit of all mankind. There is no universally agreed-upon definition and scope of the CHM principle, even within the law of the sea sector. The utilization activities in the Area will soon expand to the use of genetic resources, which poses the question on whether the CHM principle should also apply. This research attempted to find the core philosophy of the CHM principle, independent from the UNCLOS 1982 provisions, to better understand its scope and meaning, and how it may impact our understanding of the Area regime. This study is normative legal research and utilized secondary data. The study concluded that the CHM principle has its roots from the res communis, adopted in response to the inability of the latter to ensure fair access to natural resources. The principle has its own independent character outside of UNCLOS 1982 and may be applied to govern the utilization of genetic resources outside states’ jurisdiction under a dedicated international legal instrument. Bahasa Indonesia Abstrak: Kehadiran UNCLOS 1982 membawa pembaharuan dalam hukum laut internasional dengan mengadopsi prinsip Common Heritage of Mankind (CHM) dalam rezim pengaturan baru untuk Area. Rezim pengaturan Area berlaku terhadap pemanfaatan sumber daya mineral pada dasar laut dan lapisan tanah di bawahnya yang berada di luar batas-batas wilayah yurisdiksi negara. Prinsip CHM mengatur bahwa aktivitas pemanfaatan harus membawa kemanfaatan bagi seluruh umat manusia. Masih terdapat perbedaan pendapat mengenai definsi dan lingkup prinsip CHM bahkan dalam konteks hukum laut. Perkembangan pemanfaatan Area mencakup sumber daya genetik menimbulkan pertanyaan mengenai sejauh mana sumber daya dapat disebut suatu CHM. Penelitian ini mengkaji filosofi dari prinsip CHM di luar konteks UNCLOS 1982 untuk memperdalam pemahaman atas prinsip tersebut dan dampaknya terhadap pemahaman pengaturan Area. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif, dengan menggunakan data sekunder. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa prinsip CHM berakar dari konsep res communis yang didorong oleh keinginan untuk menciptakan keadilan akses terhadap sumber daya alam. Sebagai konsep yang independen dari UNCLOS 1982, prinsip CHM dapat diterapkan terhadap sumber daya genetik di luar yurisdiksi negara di bawah instrumen hukum internasional tersendiri.

The DisputeResolutionof Oil Pollutionby Tan/fer Ship In IndonesianLegal System Elly Kristiani Purwendah; Marsudi Triatmodjo
Cakrawala Hukum: Majalah Ilmiah Fakultas Hukum Universitas Wijayakusuma Vol 17, No 43 (2015): Majalah Ilmiah Cakrawala Hukum
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Wijayakusuma

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51921/chk.v17i43.39

The choice of oil pollution dispute resolution by Tanker Ship in national marine law system is highly important to be analyzed in-depth concerning the choice of oil pollution dispute resolution by Tanker Ship in Indonesia is resolved in peaceful manner based on the principle of polluter pays principle. The dispute resolution choice in peace is amended by the internationalinstrument ofUNCLOS in article 279 which is, in Indonesianpositive law system, generated through several national legal Â instruments. Furthermore, theÂ dispute resolution choice is such an important thing consideringÂ Â the purposes of marine environment protection by the coastal states through the law enforcement of sovereign coastal Â states.Â The Â consequence of Â dispute resolutionchoice with the concept of ecocracy and sustainable environmental development, in Â line with Â the Â reconstructive Â purposeÂ of philosophical approach of environmental problem Â settlement Â through the conceptÂ of ecocracy and the paradigm of deep ecology and green constitution, itis expected to be ableto be included in national legalÂ systemÂ with~e...law Â enforcers Â who Â understand Â ecoliteracy(greenlaw enforcement).Keywords : Â dispute resolution, polluter pays principle, state sovereignty, ecocracy

Equity Interest Scheme’s Compatibility with the UNCLOS 1982’s Common Heritage of Mankind Principle Agustina Merdekawati; Marsudi Triatmodjo
LAW REFORM Vol 18, No 1 (2022)
Publisher : PROGRAM STUDI MAGISTER ILMU HUKUM FAKULTAS HUKUM UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO SEMARANG

The Mining Code Exploration for polymetallic sulphides and cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts provide options for exploration contractors to offer an equity interest in a joint venture with Enterprise. UNCLOS 1982 has never regulated the existence of such a scheme as a substitute for the obligation to submit reserved areas at the exploration stage. The presence of the equity interest scheme raises questions on its compatibility with the Common Heritage of Mankind (CHM) principle, especially with the aspect of equitable benefits sharing (EBS) to all mankind. This study aimed to assess the compatibility of the equity interest scheme with the CHM principle. The study was conducted normatively by analyzing equity interest scheme implementation associated with the norms in the CHM principle and UNCLOS 1982. The results showed that the equity interest scheme is compatible with the EBS aspects in the CHM principle by presenting the optimization of financial benefits for all mankind. The implementation of the equity interest scheme, even though it is contrary to the provisions of Annex III Article 1982, is a form of subsequent practice accepted by state parties. This study recommends that the relevant stakeholders reconsider the involvement of the Enterprise in the equity interest scheme based on financing efficiency.

THE RECENT CHALLENGED DEVELOPMENT TO IMPLEMENT UNCLOS 1982'S COMMON HERITAGE OF MANKIND Agustina Merdekawati; Marsudi Triatmodjo; Irkham Afnan Trisandi Hasibuan
Mimbar Hukum Vol 34 No 1 (2022): Mimbar Hukum
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Abstract The Common Heritage of Mankind (CHM) principle was adopted in UNCLOS 1982 to prevent monopoly of the Area utilization by developed countries. Applying the principle has been challenging and would only get even more challenging during the economic globalization era. There have been rapid changes within the structure of the international community, posing challenges to the implementation of the CHM principle in the area. This paper aims to elaborate on these challenges in the economic globalization era. The research identified that the economic globalization era posed some new and enhanced challenges in applying the principle in the area, questioning its relevance. These challenges are the shifting interests of some developing countries and the increased pressure to obtain more mineral resources to accelerate the conversion to green technologies. The research concluded that the international community is faced with two choices, either to maintain the application of the CHM principle without taking further compromising steps to maximize the goal of achieving the welfare of humanity or re-adjusting the operationalization of the CHM principle in UNCLOS 1982 to adapt to changes in the international community in the era of economic globalization. Abstrak Prinsip Common Heritage of Mankind (CHM) diadopsi dalam UNCLOS 1982 untuk mencegah monopoli pemanfaatan Kawasan Dasar Laut Internasional (Kawasan) oleh negara-negara maju. Penerapan prinsip CHM merupakan sebuah tantangan dan akan menjadi lebih menantang dalam era globalisasi ekonomi. Terdapat perubahan dalam struktur masyarakat internasional, yang akan menimbulkan tantangan bagi penerapan prinsip CHM. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguraikan tantangan- tantangan tersebut di era globalisasi ekonomi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa era globalisasi ekonomi memunculkan beberapa tantangan yamg baru dan lebih menantang dalam penerapan prinsip CHM di Kawasan, mempertanyakan relevansinya. Tantangan tersebut adalah pergeseran kepentingan beberapa negara berkembang dan meningkatnya tekanan untuk memperoleh lebih banyak sumber daya mineral guna mempercepat konversi ke teknologi ramah lingkungan. Penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa komunitas internasional menghadapi dua pilihan, yakni antara tetap mempertahankan penerapan prinsip CHM tanpa mengambil kompromi lebih lanjut untuk memaksimalkan potensi manfaat bagi seluruh umat manusia, atau menyesuaikan penerapan prinsip CHM dalam UNCLOS 1982 sebagai respons terhadap perubahan yang terjadi di komunitas internasional dalam era globalisasi ekonomi.

Conservation Outside Forests in Indonesia : An Option to Untangle Authority Dualism in the Essential Ecosystem Area Agustina Merdekawati; Marsudi Triatmodjo; Sandy Nurvianto; Irkham Afnan Trisandi Hasibuan; Vivin Purnamawati; I Gusti Putu Agung
Yustisia Vol 11, No 1: April 2022
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/yustisia.v11i1.54789

As a country rich in biodiversity, Indonesia has realised the importance of conducting conservation efforts beyond the designated conservation areas, where most of the biodiversity elements are located. In fact, the country has adopted the concept of Essential Ecosystem Areas (EEAs) into various statutory instruments. However, the implementation of EEA policies has faced various obstacles stemming from the dualism of authority between the central and regional governments in establishing and managing EEA. Act No. 23 of 2014 on Regional Government delegates the implementation to the provincial governments. At the same time, Government Regulation No. 28 of 2011 mandates that the exercise of EEA protection be integrated with conservation efforts conducted by the central government. Therefore, this study aims to analyse the legal implications of the dualism of authority in EEA implementation and provide recommendations for a regulatory scheme. The problem may be mitigated by considering the factors relevant to the regulatory implementation aspects. The results revealed that the existence of dualism of authority has had implications in several aspects, including the authority in establishing, managing and financing EEAs, which have prevented authorities from achieving the objectives of establishing EEAs. Thus, this study also recommends the integrated and modified implementation of EEA policies in several ways

PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN NEGARA TERHADAP KERUGIAN DAN KERUSAKAN LINGKUNGAN AKIBAT KEGIATAN EKSPOR IMPOR LIMBAH 83 (The State Responsibilities toward Environmental Damages due to Hazardous Wastes Export-Import Activities) Damianus Bilo; Sugeng F. Istanto; Marsudi H. Triatmodjo
Jurnal Manusia dan Lingkungan Vol 12, No 3 (2005): November
Publisher : Pusat Studi Lingkungan Hidup Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jml.18639

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi dan menganalisis fenomena legal dan praktek hukum yang mengatur pergerakan lintas batas B3 dan limbah 83. Penelitian ini mengkombinasikan pendekatan legal dan normatif. Informasi diinterpretasi dengan menggunakan metode Juridical-analytical dan evaluative-explanatory. Penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa fihak-fihak yang terlibat dalam pengeluaran limbah B3 adalah bertanggung jawab baik secara individual maupun kolektif untuk memberikan kompensasi kerusakan lingkungan yang diderita oleh fihak ketiga. Prinsip ini didasarkan pada hukum publik internasional yang menyatakan bahwa setiap tindakan pelanggaran hukum oleh suatu negara adalah menyangkut pertanggung jawaban international dari negara tersebut. ABSTRACTThis research aims to investigate and analyze legal phenomena and the practices of law that regulate transboundry movement of hazardous wastes and their disposal. The research combines the normative and empirical legal approach. Information is interpreted by using juridical analytical and evaluative explanatory method. The research concludes that the parties involved in the transmission of hazardous wastes are either individually or collectively responsible for compensating detriments and environmental damaged sufferes by the third parties. This principle is based on the public international law, which insists that every internationally wrongful act of a State entails the international responsibility of that State.

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