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SISTEM HIDROPONIK ORGANIK DENGAN MEMANFAATKAN LIMBAH EFFLUENT BIOGAS INDUSTRI TAPIOKA DAN LIMBAH KOLAM LELE Agustin, Stefani Silvi; Triyono, Sugeng; Telaumbanua, Mareli
Jurnal Teknik Pertanian Lampung (Journal of Agricultural Engineering) Vol 6, No 3 (2017)
Publisher : The University of Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (341.826 KB) | DOI: 10.23960/jtep-l.v6i3.161-170

Abstract

Industri pertanian merupakan salah satu industri yang turut menyumbangkan dampak negatif berupa produksi limbah yang cukup besar.  Limbah industri pertanian terdiri dari limbah cair, padat, gas, maupun kebisingan.  Industri tapioka dan kolam lele termasuk di kalangan industri pertanian yang membuang limbah cair yang belum dimanfaatkan. Limbah cair ini sangat potensial dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber nutrisi untuk sistem hidroponik, karena limbahnya mengandung bahan organik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi penggunaan limbah cair untuk menanam sayuran organik dalam sistem hidroponik.  Bahan utama yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah limbah cair tapioka dari pabrik tapioka di Pesawaran, limbah cair budidaya ikan dari Laboratorium Lapangan Terpadu, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Lampung. Bahan lainnya termasuk benih sayuran dan bahan kimia yang digunakan untuk analisis laboratorium (larutan standar amoniak 1000 ppm, NaOH, KI, dan HgI2). Limbah kolam lele dan limbah tapioka diaplikasikan pada sistem hidroponik DFT. Parameter yang diamati dalam penelitian ini meliputi pH, EC, TS, TSS, TFS, N-Ammonium, BOD5 dan pertumbuhan tanaman.  Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa limbah tapioka masing-masing memiliki pH dan EC yang paling tinggi (9,7 dan 2038 μS/cm).  Limbah tapioka memiliki TS dan TFS yang tinggi (1672 mg/L dan 1496 mg/L) dan limbah budidaya ikan lele memiliki nilai TSS dan N-Ammonium paling tinggi (372 mg/L dan 10,79 mg/L). Pertumbuhan tanaman terbaik ditemukan pada penerapan limbah kolam lele. Pada sistem limbah kolam lele, tinggi tanaman mencapai 12,92 cm/tanaman, dan biomassa tanaman yang dipanen adalah 10,46 gram/tanaman. Namun, dalam sistem tersebut, sayuran menunjukkan pertumbuhan suboptimal, hal ini menunjukkan bahwa mereka menderita kekurangan gizi.  Dengan demikian, sistem tidak menyuplai cukup nutrisi yang dibutuhkan oleh tanaman.Kata kunci: ammonium; limbah cair; nutrisi; sayuran
Economic Benefit and Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Potential of A Family-Scale Cowdung Anaerobic Biogas Digester Haryanto, Agus; Cahyani, Dwi; Triyono, Sugeng; Murdapa, Fauzan; Haryono, Dwi
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 6, No 1 (2017): February 2017
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/ijred.6.1.29-36

Abstract

The objective of this research was to evaluate economic benefit and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction potential of a family-scale anaerobic cowdung biogas digester. Research was conducted at two villages in Lampung Province, namely Marga Lestari, District of South Lampung and Pesawaran Indah, District of Pesawaran. Economic benefit and GHG emission reduction potential were evaluated from LPG saving due to biogas utilisation for cooking and fertilizer substitution by slurry digestate. Results showed that a family-scale anaerobic cowdung biogas digester demonstrated a good potential to reduce GHG emission, but not in economic. A digester with 4 heads of cow produced biogas at a rate of 1582 L/day. With average methane content of 53.6%, energy value of the biogas was equivalent to 167 kg LPG and able to substitute 52 bottles LPG annually. A family-scale biogas contributed 108.1 USD/year and potentially reduced GHG emission by 5292.5 kg CO2e/year resulted from biomethane potential, LPG, and fertilizer savings.Article History: Received November 15th 2016; Received in revised form January 16th 2017; Accepted February 2nd 2017; Available onlineHow to Cite This Article: Haryanto, A., Cahyani, D., Triyono, S., Murdapa, F., and Haryono, D. (2017) Economic Benefit and Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Potential of A Family-Scale Cowdung Anaerobic Biogas Digester. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 6(1), 29-36.http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.6.1.29-36
Developing A Family-Size Biogas-Fueled Electricity Generating System Haryanto, Agus; Marotin, Fadli; Triyono, Sugeng; Hasanudin, Udin
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 6, No 2 (2017): July 2017
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/ijred.6.2.111-118

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to develop a family-size biogas-fueled electricity generating system consisting of anaerobic digester, bio-filter scrubber, and power generating engine. Biogas was produced from a pilot scale wet anaerobic digester (5-m3 capacity). The biogas was filtered using bio-scrubber column filled with locally made compost to reduce hydrogen sulfide (H2S) content. Biogas composition was analysed using a gas chromatograph and its H2S level was measured using a H2S detector. A 750-W four stroke power generating engine was used with 100% biogas. Biogas consumed by the generator engine was measured at different load from 100 to 700 W (13.3 to 93.3% of the rated power). Three replications for each load experiment were taken. Results showed that the total biogas yield was 1.91 m3/day with methane content of 56.48% by volume. Bio-filter successfully reduced H2S content in the biogas by 98% (from 400 ppm to 9 ppm). Generator engine showed good performance during the test with average biogas consumption of 415.3 L/h. Specific biogas consumption decreased from 5.05 L/Wh to 1.15 L/Wh at loads of 100 W to 700 W, respectively. Thermal efficiency increased with loads from 6.4% at 100 W to 28.1 at 700 W. The highest thermal efficiency of 30% was achieved at a load of 600 W (80% of the rated power) with specific biogas consumption of 1.07 L/Wh.Article History: Received Janury 16th 2017; Received in revised form 2nd June 2017; Accepted 18th June 2017; Available onlineHow to Cite This Article: Haryanto, A., Marotin, F., Triyono, S., Hasanudin, U. (2017), Developing A Family-Size Biogas-Fueled Electricity Generating System. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 6(2), 111-118.https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.6.2.111-118
Effect of Hydraulic Retention Time on Biogas Production from Cow Dung in A Semi Continuous Anaerobic Digester Haryanto, Agus; Triyono, Sugeng; Wicaksono, Nugroho Hargo
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 7, No 2 (2018): July 2018
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/ijred.7.2.93-100

Abstract

The efficiency of biogas production in semi-continuous anaerobic digester is influenced by several factors, among other is loading rate. This research aimed at determining the effect of hydraulic retention time (HRT) on the biogas yield. Experiment was conducted using lab scale self-designed anaerobic digester of 36-L capacity with substrate of a mixture of fresh cow dung and water at a ratio of 1:1. Experiment was run with substrate initial amount of 25 L and five treatment variations of HRT, namely 1.31 gVS/L/d (P1), 2.47 gVS/L/d (P2), 3.82 gVS/L/d (P3), 5.35 gVS/L/d (P4) and 6.67 gVS/L/d (P5). Digester performance including pH, temperature, and biogas yield was measured every day. After stable condition was achieved, biogas composition was analyzed using a gas chromatograph. A 10-day moving average analysis of biogas production was performed to compare biogas yield of each treatment. Results showed that digesters run quite well with average pH of 6.8-7.0 and average daily temperature 28.7-29.1. The best biogas productivity (77.32 L/kg VSremoval) was found in P1 treatment (organic loading rate of 1.31 g/L/d) with biogas yield of 7.23 L/d. With methane content of 57.23% treatment P1 also produce the highest methane yield. Biogas production showed a stable rate after the day of 44. Modified Gompertz kinetic equation is suitable to model daily biogas yield as a function of digestion time.Article History: Received March 24th 2018; Received in revised form June 2nd 2018; Accepted June 16th 2018; Available onlineHow to Cite This Article: Haryanto, A., Triyono, S., and Wicaksono, N.H. (2018) Effect of Loading Rate on Biogas Production from Cow Dung in A Semi Continuous Anaerobic Digester. Int. Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 7(2), 93-100.https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.7.2.93-100
Studi Emisi Tungku Masak Rumah Tangga Agus Haryanto; Sugeng Triyono
agriTECH Vol 32, No 4 (2012)
Publisher : Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (252.083 KB) | DOI: 10.22146/agritech.9587

Abstract

The objective of this research was to study emission characteristic of household stoves. Five stoves were tested, namely clay pot biomass stove, brick biomass stove, kerosene stove, coal stove, and LPG stove.  Emission parameters to be measured were CO, NO2, SO2, and particulates. Gas emission was measured using gas analyzer Wolfsense TG 501, while particulate was determined based on Indonesian National Standard (SNI: 19-7117.12-2005). Results showed that LPG stove emitted no CO indicating that complete burning existed. Other stoves emitted CO with kerosene stove exhibited the highest CO emission of 1074 μg/m3. Biomass pot stoves produced SO2 (722 μg/m3) which is lower than LPG stove (1488 μg/m3) and kerosene stove (1055 μg/m3), but higher than coal stove (290 μg/m3). On the other side, biomass pot stoves produced more NO2 (99 μg/m3 with pot stove) as compared to kerosene stove (25 μg/m3). Particulate emission increased based on the fuels used with an order from the lowest was LPG stove, kerosene stove, coal stove, and biomass stove.ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji karakteristik emisi beberapa tungku atau kompor dapur rumah tangga. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan lima jenis tungku atau kompor, yaitu tungku biomassa pot tebal, tungku biomassa bata, kompor minyak tanah, kompor batubara, dan kompor LPG. Parameter emisi yang diukur meliputi CO, NO2, SO2 dan partikel. Emisi gas diukur menggunakan gas analyser Wolfsense TG 501, sedangkan emisi partikel debu ditentukan berdasarkan standar SNI 19-7117.12-2005. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kompor LPG tidak menghasilkan emisi CO. Kompor minyak tanah menghasilkan emisi CO paling tinggi yaitu (1074 μg/m3). Kompor LPG menghasilkan emisi SO2 paling banyak (1488 μg/m3), diikuti kompor minyak tanah (1055 μg/m3), tungku kayu pot (722 μg/m3), dan kompor batubara (290 μg/m3). Di pihak lain, tungku biomassa pot tebal menghasilkan NO2 lebih banyak (99 μg/m3) dibandingkan kompor minyak tanah (25 μg/m3). Emisi partikulat meningkat menurut jenis bahan bakar yang digunakan dengan urutan dari yang paling rendah adalah LPG, minyak tanah, batubara, dan biomassa.
Analisis Energi Masukan-Keluaran pada Proses Produksi Kelapa Sawit (Elaesis guineensis jacq.) Agus Haryanto; Budianto Lanya; Sugeng Triyono; Mirwan Saputro; Nomi Setyowati
agriTECH Vol 31, No 3 (2011)
Publisher : Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (38.585 KB) | DOI: 10.22146/agritech.9739

Abstract

This study was performed to evaluate the input-otput energy for oil palm production and to identify the possibility to save energy consumption for activities related to oil palm production. Observation was conducted at PTPN VII Farm Unit of Rejosari, South Lampung. The energy inputs included human power, fuel and electricity as well as indirect energy resulted from the use of farm machinery, fertilizer, and pesticide. Energy outputs to be considered were resulted from full fruit bunch (FFB) consisted of crude palm oil (CPO), palm kernel oil (PKO), fiber, shell, empty fruit bunch, and trunk. The study revealed that total energy input of 57,63 GJ.ha-1 was required in oil palm production. Maintenance of productive plant consumed the highest energy, that was 33,06 GJ.ha-1  or 57,37 % of the total energy input. Based on energy sources, fertilizer was the most important input for oil palm production, accounted for 31,22 GJ.ha-1  (51,18 % of total energy input). The study also concluded that oil palm production generated energy output of 339,14 GJ.ha-1 with energy rasio of 5,88, energy productivity of 0.258 kg FFB per MJ, energy intensity of 3,87 MJ per kg FFB, and net energy gain of 281,51 GJ.ha-1.ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis energi masukan-keluaran dan mengidentifikasi kemungkinan penghematan energi pada proses budidaya kelapa sawit. Penelitian dilakukan di PTPN VII Unit Usaha Rejosari, Lampung Selatan dengan mengamati semua energi yang digunakan dan dihasilkan. Energi masukan terdiri dari tenaga manusia, bahan bakar, energi tidak langsung dari pupuk, pestisida, dan alat-mesin pertanian. Energi keluaran berasal dari tandan buah segar (TBS) dengan komponen minyak sawit, minyak inti sawit, serat, cangkang, dan tandan kosong, serta pelepah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa budidaya kelapa sawit memerlukan energi masukan sebesar 57,63 GJ.ha-1  dan menghasilkan energi 339,14 GJ.ha-1. Sebagian besar energi masukan adalah penggunaan pupuk yang mencapai 31,22 GJ.ha-1  (54,18 % dari total energi masukan). Berdasarkan tahapan budidaya, maka pemeliharaan tanaman produktif memerlukan energi yang paling besar yaitu 33,06 GJ.ha-1  (57,37 %). Budidaya kelapa sawit menghasilkan energi neto 281,51 GJ.ha-1 dengan rasio energi 5,88, produktivitas energi 0,258 kg TBS/MJ, dan intensitas energi 3,87 MJ/kg TBS.
Produksi Biodiesel dari Transesterifikasi Minyak Jelantah dengan Bantuan Gelombang Mikro: Pengaruh Intensitas Daya dan Waktu Reaksi terhadap Rendemen dan Karakteristik Biodiesel Agus Haryanto; Ully Silviana; Sugeng Triyono; Sigit Prabawa
agriTECH Vol 35, No 2 (2015)
Publisher : Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (445.881 KB) | DOI: 10.22146/agritech.13792

Abstract

The purpose of this research was to study the effect of power intensity and reaction time on the yield and the characteristic using an erlenmeyer glass heated in a microwave oven with power capacity of 399 watt and frequency of 2,450 arrangements was used in this experiment. Treatment consisted of two factors, namely power intensity and reaction time. The power intensity included three levels (30, 50, and 70%). Similarly did for the reaction time (30, 60, and 120 cooking oil to methanol). Parameters to be analyzed included biodiesel yield, acid number, density, and viscosity of = 1%. The results showed that both microwave power intensity and reaction time and their interaction had no effect on the viscosity, acid number and density of produced biodiesel. Biodiesel produced has acid number of 2.98 to 4.20 mgKOH/g, density of 0.87 to 0.88 g/mL, and viscosity of 1.9 to 2 cSt. Microwave power intensity and reaction time andtime of 30 seconds was adequate for microwave-assisted biodiesel synthesis with an average yield reaching 91.1%.ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini adalah mempelajari pengaruh intensitas daya dan waktu reaksi terhadap rendemen dan karakteristik biodisel dari minyak jelantah yang dihasilkan melalui reaksi transesterifikasi yang dibantu dengan pemberian gelombang mikro (microwave). Minyak jelantah diperoleh dari pabrik kerupuk yang berlokasi di Sukarame, Bandar Lampung. Reaksi pembuatan biodiesel dilakukan menggunakan gelas erlenmeyer yang dipanaskan di dalam oven microwave berdaya 399 watt dan frekuensi 2.450 MHz yang telah dilengkapi dengan pengaduk listrik berkecepatan 1446 RPM. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak faktorial dengan dua faktor. Kedua faktor adalah intensitas daya gelombang mikro dengan tiga taraf [(30, 50, dan 70%) dan waktu reaksi, juga dengan tiga taraf (30, 60, dan 120 detik). Setiap kombinasi perlakuan dilakukan dengan tiga kali ulagan. Reaksi transesterifikasi dilakukan dengan 100ml minyak jelantah pada perbandingan molar minyak jelantah terhadap metanol 1:6. Parameter yang dianalisis meliputi rendemen, bilangan asam, massa jenis, dan viskositas biodiesel. Data dianalisis menggunakan ANOVA diikuti uji beda nyata terkecil (BNT) pada tingkat signifikansi = 5% dan = 1%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa intensitas daya gelombang mikro dan waktu reaksi tidak berpengaruh terhadap bilangan asam, viskositas, dan massa jenis biodiesel. Biodiesel yang dihasilkan memiliki bilangan asam 2,98–4,20 mgKOH/g, massa jenis 0,87–0,88 g/mL, dan viskositas 1,9–2,0 cSt. Intensitas daya gelombang mikro dan waktu reaksi serta interaksinya berpengaruh nyata pada rendemen biodiesel. Dalam penelitian ini, tanpa memperhatikan intensitas daya gelombang mikro, waktu reaksi terbaik adalah 30 detik saat rendemen biodiesel rata-rata mencapai 91,1%.
Desain Sensor Suhu dan Kelengasan Tanah untuk Sistem Kendali Budidaya Tanaman Cabai (Capsicum annuum L.) Sugeng Triyono; Mareli Telaumbanua; Yessi Mulyani; Titin Yulianti; Muhammad Amin; Agus Haryanto
agriTECH Vol 38, No 4 (2018)
Publisher : Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (369.33 KB) | DOI: 10.22146/agritech.29095

Abstract

Cultivation crop is influenced by soil, water, climate, and crop properties. Air temperature is one of climate parameters which is considered for plant growing. Soil moisture represents soil and water factors and it generally plays an important role in crop cultivation. A crop requires soil moisture and air temperature for an optimum growth. a control system is proposed to create an optimum air temperature and soil moisture to support plant growth. The aim of this study was to design a precision measurement instrument, a control system that is able to control microclimate (air temperature and soil moisture) for optimal growth of chili (Capsicum annuum L.) crops. A design of environmental control was applied by using sensors for air temperature and soil moisture. Microcontrollers were connected to sensors with the water pump actuator and the irrigation pump through a relay module and a TIP122 transistor. The accuracy of DHT 22 temperature sensors and soil moisture sensors were calculated based on the approximate coefficient of determination, and the total errors of each sensor. The actuator performance in this design included the response rates and the duration of the working time. The performance tests were conducted 3 times without using chili plants. The coefficient of determination (R²) of temperature sensor 1, temperature sensor 2 and temperature sensor 3 were 0.999, 0.999, and 0.999, respectively. The total errors of the three sensors were -0.071 ºC, -0.085 ºC, and 0.014ºC, respectively. The coefficient of determination (R ²) of the soil moisture sensor 1, the soil moisture sensor 2, and the soil moisture sensor were 0.888, 0.8401, and 0.8963, respectively. The mean total errors for these three types of ranging sensors were -0.2204%, -0.0952% and -2.8049%, respectively.
Activity of Soil Microorganisms During the Growth of Sweet Corn (Zea Mays Saccharata Sturt) in the Second Planting Time with the Application of Fertilizers and Biochar . Dermiyati; Agus Karyanto; Ainin Niswati; Jamalam Lumban Raja; Sugeng Triyono; Nyang Vania Ayuningtyas Harini
JOURNAL OF TROPICAL SOILS Vol 22, No 1: January 2017
Publisher : UNIVERSITY OF LAMPUNG

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.5400/jts.2017.v22i1.37-45

Abstract

Efforts to increase the production of sweet corn can be done with the application of fertilizers, either inorganic, organic orits combination. In addition, the application of soil amendments such as biochar is also expected to improve soil fertility that will indirectly increase the production of sweet corn.Organonitrophos fertilizer is an organic fertilizer developed by lecturers of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung. The research was aimed to study effect the combination of organonitrophos, and inorganic fertilizers, biochar and the interaction between fertilizer combination and biochar on soil respiration and soil microbial biomass.The research was conducted in the Integrated Field Laboratory of Lampung University using 6x2 factorial in a Randomized Block Design with 3 replications. The first factor was six levels combination of organonitrophos and inorganic fertilizers (P0, P1, P2, P3, P4, and P5). The second factor was two levels of biochar dosage (B0 and B1). Data was analyzed by Analysis of Variance and followed by the Least Significant Difference (LSD)Test at 5% level. The observed variables were soil microorganism activity likely soil respiration and soil microbial biomass. The results showed that P3B1treatment (300 kg Urea ha-1, 125 kg SP-36 ha-1, 100 kg KCl ha-1 + 2500 kg organoitrophos ha-1) was the highest soil respiration at of 60 days after planting (DAP). P5 treatment (5000 kg Organonitrophos ha-1) has the highest soil microbial biomasscompared to other treatments at 60 and 90 DAP. B1 treatment (5000 kg biochar ha-1) has higher soil respiration and soil microbial biomasscompared to treatment (0 kg biochar ha-1. There was an interaction between combination of organonitrophos and inorganic fertilizers and biochar on soil respiration at 90 DAP. However, there was no interaction between fertilizer combination and biochar on soil microbial biomass.Keywords: Biochar, Fertilizer Combination, Organonitrophos, Soil Microbial Biomass Carbon and Soil Respiration
Application of Organonitrofos and Inorganic Fertilizer on Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) in Ultisol Soil . Dermiyati; Jamalam Lumbanraja; Irwan Sukri Banuwa; Sugeng Triyono; Oktarina Maulida; Debby Agsari
JOURNAL OF TROPICAL SOILS Vol 20, No 3: September 2015
Publisher : UNIVERSITY OF LAMPUNG

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.5400/jts.2015.v20i3.167-172

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted to find out a combination dose of a novel organic fertilizer (Organonitrophos, OP) and inorganic fertilizers (N, P, and K) for the growth and yield of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) during two planting periods of 2012-2013 and 2013- 2014 in ultisol soil (low in nutrients and organic matter) of Bandarlampung. The treatments were a six combination of organic and inorganic fertilizer. The experiments were laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. The difference combination of Organonitrophos and NPK fertilizers showed significantly effects on the plant height, the NPK sorption of total plant and total root, and the yields of cassava. The highest NPK sorption of total plants and total yields and the highest yields of cassava were found in N45P36K120OP1,000 kg ha-1 combination for the two planting periods. Based on Relative Agronomic Effectiveness (RAE) of cassava root yield, it can be concluded that 45-36-120-1,000 N-P-K-Organonitrophos kg ha-1 was the best combination dose of inorganic and organic fertilizers for the production of cassava in ultisol soil of Bandarlampung. [How to Cite: Dermiyati, J Lumbanraja, IS  Banuwa,  S Triyono,  O  Maulida  and  D  Agsari. 2015. Application of Organonitrofos and Inorganic Fertilizer on Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) in Ultisol Soil. J Trop Soils 20: 167-172. Doi: 10.5400/jts.2015.20.3.167]