cover
Contact Name
Setyo Admoko
Contact Email
setyoadmoko@unesa.ac.id
Phone
+6282144347073
Journal Mail Official
physics@unesa.ac.id
Editorial Address
Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetaahuan Alam Jl. Ketintang, Gd C3 Lt 1, Surabaya 60231
Location
Kota surabaya,
Jawa timur
INDONESIA
Inovasi Pendidikan Fisika
  • inovasi-pendidikan-fisika
  • Website
ISSN : 23024496     EISSN : 28303881     DOI : -
Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan Fisika menerbitkan artikel hasil penelitian di bidang pendidikan fisika meliputi bidang Filsafat dan Kurikulum, Inovasi Pembelajaran, Media Pembelajaran dan Evaluasi Pembelajaran. Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan Fisika diterbitkan secara berkala oleh Program Studi Pendidikan Fisika, Jurusan Fisika, FMIPA, Universitas Negeri Surabaya sebanyak tiga kali dalam setahun, yaitu pada bulan Februari, Juli, dan September.
Articles 110 Documents
Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Learning Cycle 7E Terintegrasi STEM untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Siswa pada Materi Pemanasan Global
IPF: Inovasi Pendidikan Fisika Vol 10 No 1 (2021): Volume 10 Nomer 1 Tahun 2021
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (309.489 KB) | DOI: 10.26740/ipf.v10n1.p125-130

Abstract

Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan critical thinking skill siswa menggunakan model pembelajaran learning cycle 7E terintegrasi STEM. Eksperimen ini dilaksakan di SMA Negeri 13 Surabaya pada semester dua tahun ajaran 2020/2021 menggunakan sistem pembelajaran daring dengan bantuan aplikasi Google Meet. Jenis riset yang digunakan adalah pre-eksperimental dengan rancangan one grup pretest posttest. Siswa kelas XI MIPA SMA Negeri 13 Surabaya menjadi populasi penelitian dan melibatkan dua kelas yakni kelas XI MIPA 5 dan 6 sebagai sampel dengan pengambilan sampel secara purposive sampling. Hasil pretest dan posttest selanjutnya dianalisis menggunakan tes prasyarat. Syarat untuk dapat menghitung menggunakan uji-t berpasangan dan N-gain adalah skor pretest serta posttest masing-masing harus terdistribusi normal yang diperoleh dari perhitungan uji normalitas serta uji homogenitas. Gambar grafik rata-rata hasil pretest dan posttest dari kedua kelas dapat digunakan untuk melihat peningkatan critical thinking skill siswa. Pada uji-t berpasangan dengan ketentuan thitung > ttabel, didapatkan hasil uji-t 2,03<9,11 pada kelas XI MIPA 5 dan 2,03<13,29 di kelas XI MIPA 6, didapat kesimpulan bahwa hasil posttest lebih tinggi daripada hasil pretest. Hasil dari uji-t berpasangan juga dapat digunakan untuk melihat kenaikan skill berpikir kritis secara signifikan. Hasil uji-n gain di XI MIPA 5 berkategori tinggi sedangkan pada XI MIPA 6 berkategori sedang. Eksperimen pada kedua kelompok sample, diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa model learning cycle 7E terintegrasi STEM dapat menaikan skill berpikir kritis siswa. Kata kunci: Learning cycle 7E, STEM, Keterampilan Berpikir Kritis, dan Pemanasan Global Abstract The research was purposed to increasing student’s critical thinking skills by using the learning model of STEM integrated 7E learning cycle. This research took place at State Senior High School 13 Surabaya in the 2nd semester of academic year 2020-2021 using online learning with the help of Google Meet. Pre-experimental is used as the research type combined to a one group pretest posttest design. Students at XI grade class of Science at State Senior High School 13 Surabaya was used as population involving 2 classes as samples by purposive sampling. The pretest and posttest value data will be analyzed using a prerequisite test. Paired T-Test and N-Gain can be calculated with the condition that pretest and posttest score must be distributed normally which obtained by the calculation of normality test and homogeneity test. The graphic image of the average pretest and posttest scores of the two classes can be used as judging Student’s critical thinking skills improvement. In the paired t-test with the provisions of tcount > ttable, the results of the t-test were 2.03 < 9.11 in class XI MIPA 5 and 2.03 <13.29 in class XI MIPA 6, concluded that the posttest score was higher than the pretest score. Based on the paired t-test, it can also be observed that there is a significant increase in critical thinking skills. The results of the n-test gain in class XI MIPA 5 are in the high category and in XI MIPA 6 are in the medium category. In this case, it can be concluded that from the two classes the STEM integrated 7E learning cycle model can improve students critical thinking skills. Keywords: Learning cycle 7E, STEM, Critical Thinking Skills, and Global Warming
Analysis of Students’ Learning Motivation Using A Virtual Laboratory During Covid-19 Pandemic on Hooke’s Law
IPF: Inovasi Pendidikan Fisika Vol 10 No 1 (2021): Volume 10 Nomer 1 Tahun 2021
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (371.997 KB) | DOI: 10.26740/ipf.v10n1.p131-136

Abstract

Since the spread of the Covid-19 outbreak, the world of education in Indonesia has faced difficult situation. Namely, it is mandatory to carry out online learning to reduce the impact of the spread of the Covid-19 virus. However, with the implementation of online learning, there is a decrease in student learning motivation so that an alternative is needed to generate student learning motivation, by using a virtual laboratory as a supporting medium. This research uses quantitative research with an accidental sampling method, with a population of science highschool from XI and XII grade students who are conducting online learning. The data analysis method uses non-parametric Mann-Whitney U statistics and measures student learning outcomes in Hooke's Law with a virtual laboratory. The results showed that by using a virtual laboratory students' learning motivation increased from online learning in general, because the p-value is 0.000 which p < 0.05 means there is a significance changes. Students wih higher learning motivation score better than students with lower motivation . With the average score in a row from medium, high, and very high motivation is 39.29; 43.70; 44.00 from the maximum score 100.
Development of Wee Gemas Learning Media Based on Student Learning Styles for Physics Subjects
IPF: Inovasi Pendidikan Fisika Vol 10 No 1 (2021): Volume 10 Nomer 1 Tahun 2021
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (446.955 KB) | DOI: 10.26740/ipf.v10n1.p137-143

Abstract

Wee Gemas (Golden Generation Educational Website) is a learning media in the form of web-based teaching materials that are integrated with student learning styles. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Wee Gemas in learning physics in high school. It is expected to be able to support student learning independently in understanding Physics learning can make students more independent in understanding Physics lessons. The method used is R&D development, which consists of several stages, namely potential and problems, information gathering, product design, design validation, design improvement, first product testing, product revision, and second product testing. The results of media validation on aspects of learning, material, and media each obtained a validity percentage of 97.27%; 87.5%; and 94.77%. In trials that were tested in small groups obtained very good results in their category. In the final pre-test and post-test involving 32 students of SMA Hangtuah Sidoarjo with the enough effective category. It can conclude that Wee Gemas learning media is said to be feasible with the predicate very good and useful for use, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic where students must learn from home. Access to learning resources that are following student learning styles is very much needed by students when teachers are not fully able to explain the physics learning during online meetings with students. Keywords: Students; Website; Learning style; Learning media. Wee Gemas (Situs Edukasi Generasi Emas) merupakan media pembelajaran berupa bahan ajar berbasis web yang terintegrasi dengan gaya belajar siswa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keefektifan Wee Gemas dalam pembelajaran fisika di SMA. Diharapkan dapat mendukung pembelajaran siswa secara mandiri dalam memahami pembelajaran Fisika dapat menjadikan siswa lebih mandiri dalam memahami pelajaran Fisika. Metode yang digunakan adalah pengembangan R&D, yang terdiri dari beberapa tahapan yaitu potensi dan masalah, pengumpulan informasi, desain produk, validasi desain, perbaikan desain, pengujian produk pertama, revisi produk, dan pengujian produk kedua. Hasil validasi media pada aspek pembelajaran, materi, dan media masing-masing diperoleh persentase validitas sebesar 97,27%; 87,5%; dan 94,77%. Pada uji coba yang diujikan pada kelompok kecil diperoleh hasil yang sangat baik dalam kategorinya. Pada pre-test dan post-test akhir melibatkan 32 siswa SMA Hangtuah Sidoarjo dengan kategori cukup efektif. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa media pembelajaran Wee Gemas dikatakan layak dengan predikat sangat baik dan bermanfaat untuk digunakan terutama pada masa pandemi Covid-19 dimana siswa harus belajar dari rumah. Akses sumber belajar yang mengikuti gaya belajar siswa sangat dibutuhkan oleh siswa ketika guru tidak sepenuhnya mampu menjelaskan pembelajaran fisika pada saat pertemuan online dengan siswa. Kata kunci: Mahasiswa; Situs web; Gaya belajar; media pembelajaran.
Tren Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Guided Discovery untuk Mengajarkan Materi Fisika di SMA
IPF: Inovasi Pendidikan Fisika Vol 10 No 1 (2021): Volume 10 Nomer 1 Tahun 2021
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (380.145 KB) | DOI: 10.26740/ipf.v10n1.p144-152

Abstract

Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan penerapan model pembelajaran Guided Discovery serta pengaruhnya terhadap pembelajaran fisika bagi peserta didik. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah Libraby Research atau penelitian kepustakaan. Penelitian kepustakaan merupakan suatu rangkaian penelitian dengan pengumpulan data pustaka atau objek penelitiannya diambil dari bermacam informasi kepustakaan seperti buku, jurnal ilmiah, ensiklopedia, majalah, koran serta dokumen lainnya. Data yang digunakan yaitu data sekunder hasil penelitian jurnal yang relevan. Teknik analisis yang digunakan adalah antara lain: 1) Organize, yaitu mengelola literature yang akan direview; 2) Synthesize, yaitu menyatukan hasil organisasi literature menjadi satu ringkasan agar menjadi literature yang solid; 3) Identify, yaitu mengidentifikasi literature untuk kemudian disimpulkan. Berdasarkan hasil situs Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan Fisika (JIPF) menunjukkan bahwa model pembelajaran Guided Discovery digunakan dalam berbagai tujuan belajar diantara lain melatih dan meningkatkan keterampilan proses sains (KPS) siswa, meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa, melatih keterampilan argumentasi, meningkatkan keterampilan berpikir kritis siswa, meningkatkan pemahaman konsep siswa, meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kreatif siswa, hingga mereduksi miskonsepsi siswa pada materi fisika. Penelitian membahas sebanyak 22 jurnal penelitian yang relevan. Hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu Guided Discovery dapat dijadikan solusi metode pembelajaran fisika karena telah terbukti dapat meningkatkan beberapa aspek tujuan belajar. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberi inovasi dalam pembelajaran materi fisika untuk melatih dan meningkatkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan siswa. Kata Kunci: Guided Discovery, Library Research, Keterampilan Proses Sains, Keterampilan Berpikir Kritis, Pemahaman Konsep, Keterampilan Argumentasi, Miskonsepsi Abstract This study aims to describe the application of Guided Discovery learning model and its effect on learning physics for students. The research method used is Library Research. Library Research is a series of research by collecting library data or object of research taken from various libraries information such as books, encyclopedias, scientific journals, magazines, newspapers, and other documents. The data used is secondary data from relevant journals research data. The analysis techniques used include: 1) Organize which is managing the literature to be reviewed; 2) Synthesize which is to combine the result of the organization into one summary so that it becomes a solid literature; 3) Identify which is identifying literature to be concluded. Based on the results of the Journal of Physics Education Innovation (JIPF) website, Guided Discovery learning model is used in various learning objectives including training and improving students’ science process skills, improving student learning outcomes, practicing students’ argumentation skills, improving students’ critical thinking skills, increasing student understanding of concepts, improving students’ creative thinking skills, up to reduce students’ misconceptions on physics material. The research discusess as many as 22 relevant research journals. The result of this study is that Guided Discovery can be used as a solution for physics learning methods because it has been proven to improve several aspect of learning objective. This research is expected to provide innovation in learning physics material to train and improve students’ knowledge and skills. Keywords: Guided Discovery, Library Research, Science Process Skills, Critical Thinking Skills, Understanding of Concepts, Argumentations Skills, Misconception
Kajian Literatur Pembelajaran Multirepresentasi pada Materi Fisika Tingkat SMA
IPF: Inovasi Pendidikan Fisika Vol 10 No 2 (2021): Volume 10 Nomer 2 Tahun 2021
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (400.576 KB) | DOI: 10.26740/ipf.v10n2.p1-10

Abstract

Multi-representation ability is the ability to process a concept in other representations either verbally, diagrams, pictures, or mathematically. This study aims to determine the learning models and instruments developed in multi-representation research, the use of materials applied in multi-representation research, and the effectiveness of multi-representation learning. The method used is the literature study method with bibliometric analysis for journals or scientific articles that have been carried out and indexed by Scopus and Google Scholar. The data obtained through the software Publish or Perish as many as 20 journals in the form of metadata then complete the journal identity using Mendeley software. The metadata results were selected and analyzed using Vosviewer software to obtain a visualization map showing the relationship between the results. From the results of the analysis, it is known that the multi-representational learning models that are often applied are conceptual problem solving, guided inquiry, GIMuR, interactive conceptual, Problem Based Learning, and multi-representation learning. The types of assessment instruments used include essay tests, multiple-choice, Four Tier multiple-choice tests, mid-semester exams, and multi- representation worksheets. The materials that are often applied are newton's law, gravity newton law, straight motion, magnetism, work and energy. Multi-representation can facilitate students with different abilities and effectively improve student concepts understanding, critical thinking skills, and problem-solving. Keywords: Multi-representation, learning, physics
Kesiapan Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran Dari Rumah Ditengah Pandemi Covid-19
IPF: Inovasi Pendidikan Fisika Vol 10 No 2 (2021): Volume 10 Nomer 2 Tahun 2021
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (149.448 KB) | DOI: 10.26740/ipf.v10n2.p11-15

Abstract

In suggestion with the government's recommendation as an impact of overcoming the COVID-19 virus, it is necessary to implement social restrictions, social restrictions on schools throughout the country in an effort to stop the spread of COVID-19 in this case social restrictions also have an impact on the world of education with the implementation of studying from home (Study from home) . Online learning (online) during this pandemic provides a new space for learning, because learning can still be done while obeying the government's appeal for social restrictions in the midst of this pandemic. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach and method. The percentage of student responses to how well the teacher teach online learning materials is in a good category, this indicates that the teacher is ready to present online learning with all interesting learning media so that students can better understand that learning Keywords: education, Online Learning, Covid-19
Kajian Literatur Pengembangan Instrumen Kemampuan Problem Solving Pada Materi Fisika
IPF: Inovasi Pendidikan Fisika Vol 10 No 2 (2021): Volume 10 Nomer 2 Tahun 2021
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (508.1 KB) | DOI: 10.26740/ipf.v10n2.p16-27

Abstract

Problem solving is a skill that students must possess in the 21st century, especially in physics subjects. The purpose of this literature review is to identify the development of problem-solving instruments in physics. This study examines journals in 2016-2021 with a qualitative approach using the bibliometric method. From analysis, results prove that the development of problem solving instruments is based on the demands of the 21st century and knowing the extent to which educators are successful in implementing learning innovations that are applied to the teaching and learning process. Problem solving instruments are in the form of tests and non-tests. The test questions were developed to pay attention to problem solving indicators such as Polya, J.L Doctor, Arends etc. The widely developed materials are Newton's Law of Kinematics, Effort and Energy, and Momentum and Impulse. The development methods that are widely used in making this product are the 4D and ADDIE methods. The problem solving instrument was tested and then analyzed for feasibility, including validity testing by experts, practical validity tests, reliability tests, t tests and the Wilcoxon Signed Ranked. Keywords: instrument test problem solving, physics, bibliometric
Analisis Minat dan Motivasi Belajar Peserta Didik Kelas XI Pada Materi Gelombang Dimasa Pandemi Covid -19
IPF: Inovasi Pendidikan Fisika Vol 10 No 2 (2021): Volume 10 Nomer 2 Tahun 2021
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (422.307 KB) | DOI: 10.26740/ipf.v10n2.p28-38

Abstract

Abstrak Indonesia merupakan negara pendidikan dengan ini banyak perubahan dalam kurikulum di sekolah. Namun permasalahan juga timbul dari cara guru menggunakan pembelajaran yang diterapkan. Model pembelajaran yang biasa digunakan oleh guru adalah konvensional hal ini menyebabkan peserta didik menjadi malas untuk belajar dan kurang termotivasi dalam belajar. Maka diperlukan pembelajaran dengan cara yang baru. Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan model pembelajaran ARCS (Attention, Relevance, Confidence, and Satisfaction). Pada dasarnya model pembelajaran ARCS menekankan pada penyampaian materi yang mudah untuk dipahami dan juga keaktifan peserta didik. Model pembelajaran ARCS dapat meningkatkan motivasi dan hasil belajar peserta didik. Penelitian ini menggunakan materi gelombang yang diberikan kepada peserta didik. Gelombang merupakan getaran yang merambat tanpa disertai perpindahan partikel. Minat dan motivasi merupakan hal yang mendasar dalam proses pembelajaran. Di masa pandemi covid-19 pembelajaran di Indonesia menggunakan sistem pembelajaran dalam jaringan (Daring) sebagai pencegah penularan virus. Penelitian merupakan survey yang bertujuan untuk menganalisis minat dan motivasi belajar peserta didik pada materi gelombang dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran ARCS. Metode yang digunakan dalam pengumpulan data penelitian dengan membagikan kuesioner dan teknik wawancara yang dilakukan pada peserta didik kelas XI Mipa 1 di SMA Negeri 1 Gambiran Kab Banyuwangi. Untuk memperoleh hasil penelitian ini menggunakan analisis skala likert dan kualitatif. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data penelitian ini diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa menggunakan model pembelajaran ARCS minat dan motivasi belajar dikategorikan baik dan juga minat sangat berpengaruh pada motivasi belajar peserta didik. Dengan pembelajaran ARCS peserta didik mampu mengaitkan konsep materi gelombang satu dengan yang lain sehingga akan mendapatkan perubahan yang positif, dan dapat menumbuhkan rasa percaya diri atas kemampuan yang dimiliki. Kataikunci: Minat, Motivasi, Materi Gelombang Abstrac Indonesia is an educational country with many changes in the curriculum in schools. But the problem that arise from the way teacher uses the applied learning. The learning model commonly used by teachers is conventional, this causes students to be lazy to learn and less motivated to learn. Then it is necessary to learn in a new way. In this study using the ARCS learning model (Attention, Relevance, Confidence and Satisfaction). Basically the ARCS learning model emphasizes the delivery of material that is easy to understand and also the activeness of students. ARCS learning model can increase students motivation and learning outcomes. This study uses wave material given to students. A wave is a vibration that propagates without moving particles. Interest and motivation are fundamental in the learning process. During the pandemic covid-19 learning in Indonesia uses an online learning system to prevent virus transmission. This research is a survey that aims to analyze the interest and motivation of students to learn in wave material using the ARCS learning model. The method used in collecting research data is by distributing questionnaires and interview techniques XI Mipa 1 SMA Negeri 1 Gambiran Banyuwangi. To obtain the results of this study using a likert scale and qualitative analysis. Based on the results of the data analysis of this study it was concluded that using the ARCS learning model interest and learning motivation were categorized as good and interest was very influential on students learning motivation. With ARCS learning students are able to relate the concept of wave material to one another so that they will get positive changes and foster confidence in their abilities. Keywords: Interest, Motivation, Wave Material
Analisis Kemampuan Literasi Sains Siswa Sma Pada Pembelajaran Fisika Di Masa Pandemi Covid-19 Terhadap Materi Kinematika Gerak Lurus
IPF: Inovasi Pendidikan Fisika Vol 10 No 2 (2021): Volume 10 Nomer 2 Tahun 2021
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (655.934 KB) | DOI: 10.26740/ipf.v10n2.p39-47

Abstract

Abstract During the Covid-19 pandemic, less than optimal learning had an impact on students' physical science literacy skills, especially based on an assessment conducted by PISA that Indonesian students' scientific literacy abilities were classified as low. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve students' scientific literacy skills.The purpose of this study was to analyze the scientific literacy skills of students of class X MIPA 1 and X MIPA 2 at SMA Negeri 1 Pangkalan Banteng on the material of straight motion kinematics for learning physics during the covid-19 pandemic. This research is included in quantitative descriptive research. The sampling technique of this research is cluster random sampling. The sample of this research is 62 students from two classes, namely X MIPA 1 and X MIPA 2 SMA Negeri 1 Pangkalan Banteng. Data collection techniques are by means of interviews and online tests by working on essay questions that have been validated by the validator. The level of scientific literacy ability that is measured is the domain of competence. From the results of the study, it was found that the level of physical science literacy skills of students, especially in straight motion kinematics material was classified as "Low" with a percentage of 56%. So, the need for activities such as scientific literacy-based practicums can attract students' curiosity and strengthen students' understanding of concrete science through an experiment, even though learning is done online. Keywords: Science Literacy Ability, Physics, Covid-19 Pandemic, Straight Motion Kinematics.
The Implementation of Education Unit Curriculum in Special Condition in Physics Lessons at SMAN 18 Surabaya
IPF: Inovasi Pendidikan Fisika Vol 11 No 1 (2022): Volume 11 Nomer 1 Tahun 2022
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (773.554 KB) | DOI: 10.26740/ipf.v11n1.p11-19

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused many changes in all aspects of life, including education, which continues to be implemented through a limited online learning system. This limitation underlies the emergence of relevant alternative curricula to simplify the revised 2013 curriculum. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Education Unit Curriculum in Special Conditions in high school physics subjects and students' responses to the simplification. The method used is a mixed-method using the Explanatory Factor Analysis (EFA) technique with the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test to determine the instrument's validity and the Cronbach Alpha test to determine the reliability of the instrument. Qualitative descriptive analysis was also carried out from interviews with students, teachers, and students. The factor analysis results using the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test and the Cronbach Alpha test showed that the instrument was valid and reliable so that it could be used in research. The questionnaire and interview analysis results showed that the curriculum of the education unit under special conditions had been implemented well. This can be seen from the number of students during hybrid learning and the reduction in learning time. However, according to respondents, the essential competencies used are not simplified to maintain the quality of student competencies. Based on the analysis results, it can be concluded that the Implementation of the Education Unit Curriculum in Special Conditions has been carried out well. Students, teachers, and students support the implementation of the Education Unit Curriculum in Special Conditions during online learning or hybrid learning while still using the essential competencies in the Revised 2013 Curriculum. Keywords: Education unit curriculum in particular conditions, revised 2013 curriculum, high school physics learning

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