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Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health
Published by Universitas Sebelas Maret
ISSN : 25490273     EISSN : 25490273     DOI : -
Core Subject : Health,
Public Health
Background: Increased blood pressure for a long time can increase the risk of kidney failure, co­ronary heart disease, brain damage, and other di­seases. In 2019, it is estimated that hyper­tens­ion is experienced by 1.13 billion people in the world with most (two thirds) living in low and mid­­dle income countries. Other study also shows that the police and military are at risk of develop­ing hypertension due to a number of factors such as low know­led­ge about healthy and nutritious food, co-workers who are smokers, and consum­ing alco­hol. This study aimed to analyze the risk factors for hypertension in the police and military in the world using meta analysis. Subjects and Method: This was a meta-ana­lysis and systematic review. The articles used we­re obtained from Google Scholar, Springer Link, Pro­­Quest, and Science Direct databases. Selected arti­cles published from 2000 to 2020. Keywords to search for articles are as follows: hypertension po­lice personnel and military, or hypertension po­lice personnel and military. The articles studi­ed are 3 full text articles with cross sectional stu­dy designs and 1 full text articles with case cont­rol study design. Articles are col­lect­ed using PRI­S­­­MA diagrams, and analy­zed us­ing the Re­vi­ew Ma­nager application 5.3. Results: Overweight (aOR= 1.42; 95% CI = 1.01 to 2.00; p= 0.04), alcohol consumption (aOR­=­ 1.­55; 95% CI= 1.12 to 2.12; p= 0.007), ciga­rette con­­­­sumption (aOR= 1.45 ; 95% CI= 1.06 to 1.97; p= 0.020) is a risk factor for hyper­­­tension in the po­­­lice and military. Conclusion: Overweight, alcohol consump­tion, and cigarette consump­tion, are risk fac­tors for hypertension in po­lice and military personnel.
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Articles 12 Documents
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Search results for , issue "Vol 5, No 4 (2020)" : 12 Documents clear
Meta Analysis the Association between Social Support and Quality of Life of People Living with HIV/AIDS Tri Yonita, Maria Regina; Rahardjo, Setyo Sri; Murti, Bhisma
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 5, No 4 (2020)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Social support is a form of interpersonal relationship where the social environment provides assistance in the form of emotional attention, instrumental assistance, providing information, appreciation or assess­ment to individual sufferers. Lack of social support will lead to a decline in physical and mental conditions, which can cause a person to be lazy to carry out routine daily self-care acti­vities. As a result, people with HIV/AIDS do not adhere to treatment programs. If a person with HIV/AIDS does not regularly take anti-retroviral (ARV) for a long time, this will great­ly affect the quality of life for people with HIV/ AIDS. This study aims to examine the relation­ship between social support and quality of life in people with HIV / AIDS.Subjects and Method: This was a meta-analysis study conducted by systematically reviewing articles from PubMed, Science Direct, Springer Link, and Google Scholar. The articles used in this research are articles that have been published from 2010-2020. The search for articles was carried out by consi­der­ing the eligibility criteria using the PICO model, P: people living with HIV/AIDS, I: strong social support, C: weak social support, O: Quality of life. The keywords for finding articles were as follows: "people living with HIV/AIDS "AND" social support "OR" family support "OR" care relationship "AND" quality of life "AND" cross sectional "AND" multivariate ". The inclusion criteria used were full paper, used English, cross-sectional study design and results reported adjusted odds ratio. Articles were collected using PRISMA diagrams, and analy­zed using the Review Manager 5.3 application.Results: The meta-analysis was carried out on 8 articles in this study with a sample size of 2,719. The results of a meta-analysis with a cross-sectional study showed that people living with HIV/AIDS with strong social support improved their quality of life (aOR= 2.82; 95% CI= 2.26 to 3.53; p <0.001).Conclusion: Strong social support can improve the quality of life for people with HIV / AIDS.Keywords: Quality of life, social support, people with HIV / AIDS, meta-analysisCorrespondence: Maria Regina Tri Yonita. Masters Program in Public Health. Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia. Email:  mreginatry@gmail.comJournal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2020), 05(04): 435-441https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2020.05.04.05
Assessment of Effect of COVID 19 Pandemic on the Utilization of Maternal Newborn and Child Health Services in Somali Region of Ethiopia Oladeji, Olusola; Oladeji, Bibilola; Farah, Abdifatah Elmi; Ali, Yusuf Mohammed; Ayanle, Mohamed
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 5, No 4 (2020)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Somali Region of Ethiopia recorded the first confirmed case of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID 19) pandemic on 26th April 2020. The study aimed to assess the effect of the pandemic on the utilization of maternal new-born and child health services.Subjects and Method: This was a retrospective chart review of monthly DHIS database of health facilities in Farfan zone of Somali Region and test of association using t test was used to compare the mean reduction in utilization of maternal and child health services three months before (January – March 2020) and three months during the pandemic (April 2020 to June 2020) at p value set at significant level of 5%. The outcome measure was the utilization of maternal and child health services. Results: The mean reductions in OPD per capita for children under five, children who received first dose of pentavalent vaccines and pregnant women who received first ANC before and during the pandemic was 14.26%, t=1.07; 95% CI= 283.17 to 725.17; p= 0.325); 12.51%, t=0.74; 95% CI= 1439.33 to 2697.31; p= 0.489) and 14.43%, t=0.49; 95% CI= 2363.33 to 3543.41; p= 0.642) respectively, while the mean reduction in skilled birth deliveries conducted at the health facilities was 21.4%, t= 0.97; 95% CI= 319.26 to 736.16 ; p= 0.371).Conclusion: The study provided early effects of COVID 19 on health and health services and the need for policy development on health system strengthening and resilience to withstand future outbreaks. This study indicated that indirect health service effects are substantial and highlights the importance of maintaining routine essential health and nutrition service delivery and the need to explore innovative ways of delivering both preventive and curative essential service.Keywords: COVID 19, pandemic, maternal newborn and child health, utilization, essential servicesCorrespondence: Olusola Oladeji. UNICEF Somali Field Office, Ethiopia. Email: ooladeji@unicef.org.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2020), 05(04): 458-469https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2020.05.04.08 
Clinical Characteristics of Diabetic Retinopathy Patients in Eye Clinic of Zainoel Abidin General Hospital Banda Aceh, Indonesia Zaini, Lia Meuthia; Marlinda, Sri; Budiman, Annisa Meivira
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 5, No 4 (2020)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most frequent microvascular compli-cations of diabetes mellitus (DM). The increasing number of diabetic retinopathy cases, amajor cause of blindness worldwide, is resulted from the increasing prevalence and life span of diabetes mellitus patients. In 2010, the number of diabetic retinopathy cases was 126.6 million and is predicted to increase to 191.0 million by 2030. The number of patients with visionthreatening diabeticretinopathy is also predicted to increase from 37.3 million to 56.3 million.Subjects and Method: This study was a descriptive study conducted from January to February 2020.A sample of 98 patients was taken through fixed disease sampling. Research data was collected from electonic medical record of patients visiting Eye Clinic of Zainoel Abidin General Hospital Banda Aceh using total sampling method. The researchers used the triangulation method to complete some missing demographic data in the medical records, such as occupation, education, and monthly salary. Interviews were conducted directly with patients after they underwent an examination, and the results were included in the research form. Results: 35 patients (35.7%) were aged 56-65 years and 26 patients (26.5%) worked as house-wives. The most common systemic complications were heart disorder found in 17 patients (17.3%). Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) was identified in 49 patients (50.0%), whereas 51 patients (52.0%) presented with diabetic macular edema (DME). 44 patients (44.9%) came with less than 6/60 visual acuity on the left eye.Conclusion: Most patients presenting in Eye Clinic of Zainoel Abidin Hospital Banda Aceh were in worse condition (PDR) with visual acuity of less than 6/60. Therefore, educating and counseling diabetic patients to undergo routine screening by ophthalmologists are important in order to prevent loss of vision caused by diabetic retinopathy.Keywords: clinical characteristic, diabetic retinopathyCorrespondence: Lia Meuthia Zaini. Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala/ Dr. Zainoel Abidin hospital. Jl. Tgk. Daud Deureueh 108, Banda Aceh, Indonesia. Email: liamzaini@unsyiah.ac.id. Mobile: +6282266891502.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2020), 05(04)https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2020.05.04.12
Associations between Physical Activity, Depression, and Quality of Life in Elderly: Meta-Analysis Prabandari, Fatchurrohmah Ines; Murti, Bhisma; Prasetya, Hanung
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 5, No 4 (2020)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: The aging process is associated with a greater prevalence of long-term health problems. One of them is a significant increase in problems including mental health problems in the elderly demographic. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that about one in every ten elderly people suffer from depress­ion, which is a factor that can reduce the quality of life (QOL) of the elderly. QOL can be concep­tualized as a set of harmonious satis­factions that individuals get in their daily lives by taking into account the physical, psycho­logical and social aspects of life. Good QOL for the elderly can be interpreted as feeling better in carrying out basic daily activities (Activity of Daily Living/ ADLs) properly and living inde­pen­dently. One of the aspects that play an import­ant role in improving the quality of life of the elderly is physical activity. This study aims to determine the average strength of the relation­ship between physical activity and depression and quality of life in the elderly based on the results of previous research.Subjects and Method: This study is a syste­matic review and meta-analysis using a cross-sectional design. The articles used in this study were obtained from several databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, Springerlink, and Sciencedirect. The articles used in this study are those published from 2010-2020. The arti­cle search was carried out by considering the eligibility criteria defined using the PICO model. P: Male and female aged ≥ 60 years, I: Physical activity, C: sedentary behavior O: Depression and Quality of Life. The keywords to search for articles were as follows: "physical activity", "depression", "quality of life", "elder­ly", "cross-sectional" and "adjusted odds ratio". The articles included in this study are full text articles with a cross-sectional study design. Articles were collected using PRISMA flow dia­grams and analyzed using the Review Manager 5.3 application.Results: A total of 16 articles were reviewed in this study. The meta-analysis showed that phy­sical activity can reduce the risk of depression in the elderly (aOR= 0.72; 95% CI= 0.52 to 1.00; p<0.001). The meta-analysis also showed that physical activity can improve the quality of life of the elderly (aOR= 1.25; 95% CI= 1.05 to 1.48; p<0.001).Conclusion: Physical activity can reduce the risk of depression and can improve the quality of life among elderly.Keywords: physical activity, depression, quality of life, elderly, cross-sectionalCorrespondence: Fatchurrohmah Ines Prabandari. Masters Pro­gram in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: inesfatchur@gmail.com.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2020), 05(04): 420-434https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2020.05.04.04 
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices towards Covid-19 in the Midst of Pandemics among Jakarta Residents Tan, Christine; Kurniawan, Andree; Halim, Devina Adella; Wijovi, Felix; Jovita, Jovita; Agatha, Cindy Monika; Soputri, Christin; Maria, Eva; Winata, Sharleen
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 5, No 4 (2020)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Jakarta, capital city of Indonesia, had been extremely hit by the COVID-19 pandemic. Public consistence with control measures was important, which was greatly affected by knowledge, attitudes and practices towards COVID-19. This study aimed to investtigate knowledge, attitudes and practices of Jakarta residents for COVID-19.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with a cross-sectional design. Sample was gathered online from 221 Jakarta residents, range in age 10 to 60 years, which use self-reported questionnaires consisting of consent, questions about sociodemographics, knowledge, attitudes and practices relevant to COVID-19 and analyzed using t-test and ANOVA. A linear regression analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with knowledge, attitude and practice. Results: Participants showed moderate level of knowledge (mean= 71.20; SD= 8.37), positive attitudes (mean= 53.47; SD= 5.10) and moderate practice (mean= 78.63; SD= 12.73). Results demonstrated that women have better knowledge (mean= 72.1; SD= 9.0; p= 0.360), optimistic attitudes (mean= 55.1; SD = 6.2; p= 0.005) and great practices (mean= 80.1; SD= 11.6; p= 0.316) towards COVID-19 than men. Elderly have better knowledge (mean= 75.6; SD= 5.0; p= 0.001), optimistic attitude (mean= 56.3; SD= 3.8; p= 0.033) and good practices (mean= 82.4; SD= 14.3; p= 0.301) than younger individuals.Conclusion: Directed approaches in health promotion should be integrated for vulnerable populations, such as men, younger people, and low-income earners who would be at greater risk of COVID-19.Keywords: COVID-19, knowledge, attitude, practiceCorrespondence: Andree Kurniawan. Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Pelita Harapan University. Boulevard Jenderal Sudirman, Karawaci, Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia 15811. Email: andree.kurniawan@uph.edu. Mobile: +62-815-8891-655.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2020), 05(04): 477-488https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2020.05.04.10
The Effects of Non-Exclusive Breastfeeding on the Risk of Pneumonia in Children under Five: Meta-Analysis Karmany, Putu Anggi Widia; Rahardjo, Setyo Sri; Murti, Bhisma
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 5, No 4 (2020)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung parenchyma caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites that can occur together with lower respiratory tract infections. Pneumonia is the cause of death for more than 800,000 children under five worldwide in 2017. One of the risk factors for pneumonia is a history of breastfeeding (ASI). This study aimed to esti­mate the effect of non-exclusive breastfeed­ing on the risk of pneumonia in children under five.Subjects and Method: This meta-analysis was conducted by systematically reviewing similar primary articles from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Springer Link. The articles that were analyzed by the meta-analysis were arti­cles published from 2011 to 2019. PICO com­piled the problem formulation: Population: children under five, Intervention: non-exclusive breastfeeding, Comparison: exclusive breast­feeding, Outcome: pneumonia. Keywords for searching articles: "exclusive breastfeeding" OR "breast milk" AND "pneumonia," "exclusive breastfeeding" AND "pneumonia children under five" AND "multivariate" AND "case con­trol." The inclusion criteria used were full paper, used English and Indonesian, and the case-control study design. The results were reported with adjusted odds ratio. Articles were collected using PRISMA diagrams and analyzed using Review Manager 5.3.Results: A total of 9 primary articles were ana­lyzed using meta-analysis with a total sample size of 2,837 children under five. The meta-analysis of case-control studies showed that non-exclusive breastfeeding increased the risk of pneumonia in children under five (aOR= 4.00; 95% CI= 2.75 to 5.81).Conclusion: Non-exclusive breastfeeding increases the risk of pneumonia in children under five.Keywords: non-exclusive breastfeeding, pneumonia, meta-analysisCorrespondence: Putu Anggi Widia Karmany. Masters Program in Public Health. Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: putuanggiwidiakarmany@gmail.com.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2020), 05(04): 393-401https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2020.05.04.01 
The Effect of Non-Compliance with Medication on Multidrug Resistant of Tuberculosis Kurnianingsih, Widya; Tamtomo, Didik Gunawan; Murti, Bhisma
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 5, No 4 (2020)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Multidrug Resistant Tubercu­losis (MDR-TB) is the biggest problem in the prevention and eradication of TB in the world. MDR TB exists in 27 countries where there are at least 6,800 MDR TB cases every year and 12% of new TB cases registered are MDR TB. MDR-TB is a disease caused by resistant Myco­bacterium tuberculosis. This study aims to exa­mine the effect of non-compliance with taking medication on the incidence of multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB).Subjects and Method: The problems of this study with PICO are as follows: Population= TB patients, Intervention = Non-compliance with taking medication. Comparison= Adherence to taking medication, and Outcome= Incidence of Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis. Meta- analy­sis was carried out by systematically reviewing articles from Google Scholar, Pubmed and Springer Link. The articles used in this research are articles that have been published from 2010-2019. The keywords to look for articles are as follows: "Risk Factor MDR TB" OR "Pre­vious Treatment" AND "Multidrug resistant tuberculosis". The inclusion criteria used were full paper, used English, case control study design and the results reported were adjusted odds ratio. Articles were collected using the PRISMA diagram and analyzed using the Review Manager 5.3 application with a fixed effect model.Results: A total of nine articles reviewed in this study came from Bangladesh, Malaysia, Pakistan and Ethiopia. This resulted in a study showing that the effect of incomplete treatment increased the risk of multidrug resistant tuber­culosis (aOR= 10.04; 95% CI= 8.90 to 11.32; p <0.001).Conclusion: The effect of incomplete treat­ment increases the risk of multidrug resistant tuberculosis in Taiwan, Bangladesh, Malaysia and Ethiopia.Keywords: Effect of incomplete treatment, Multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB)Correspondence: Widya Kurnianingsih. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57125, Central Java. Email: widyakurnianingsih08@gmail.com. Mo­bile: 081556837033.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2020), 05(04): 393-401https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2020.05.04.06
Meta-Analysis the Effect of Malaria Infection on Anemia in Pregnant Women Nuzula, Firdausi; Rahardjo, Setyo Sri; Murti, Bhisma
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 5, No 4 (2020)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Malaria is an important threat to pregnant women, with an increased risk for both mother and newborn, especially in the first and second pregnancies caused by P. falciparum. Malaria infection in pregnant women can cause anemia in the mother and fetus, as well as babies with low birth weight, this can increase maternal and infant mortality rates. This study aims to analyze the magnitude of the influence of malaria infection in pregnant women on the incidence of anemia based on a number of previous similar studies.Subjects and Method: This was a systematic review and meta-analysis carried out by following the PRISMA flow diagram. The process of searching for articles is carried out through a journal database which includes: Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct by selecting articles published in 2010-2020. Key words used include: "malaria infection" AND "pregnancy women" OR "anemia" AND "adjusted odds ratio". The inclusion criteria were full paper articles with observational study design, articles in English, multivariate analysis used with adjusted odds ratios. Articles that meet the requirements are analyzed using the Revmen 5.3 application.Results: A total of seven articles were reviewed in this study with a cross-sectional study design. A meta-analysis of 7 cross-sectional studies showed that malaria infection had a 1.72 times increased risk of anemia in pregnant women compared to those not infected with malaria (aOR 1.72; 95% CI 1.43 to 2.07; p <0.001).Conclusion: Malaria infection increases the risk of anemia in pregnant women.Keywords: malaria infection, pregnancy, anemia, meta-analysisCorrespondence: Firdausi Nuzula. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: ulafn10@gmail.com.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2020), 05(04): 489-498https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2020.05.04.11 
The Effect of Physical Activity on Hypertension on Adults: Meta Analysis Ahadiyati, Dyah Mubarokah; Tamtomo, Didik Gunawan; Widyaningsih, Vitri
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 5, No 4 (2020)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Physical activity has an influ­ence on the risk of cardiovascular disease, one of which is hypertension. Physical activity can be used as an alternative or prevention of the increased risk of hypertension. This study aims to analyze the risk factors for hypertension using a meta-analysis.Subjects and Method: This study is a meta-analysis study. The articles used in this study were obtained from several databases electro­ni­including PubMed, Springer Link, Science­Direct, Elsevier and Google Scholar. This article was collected for 1 month. The articles included in this study were full text with cross-sectional design, the collection of articles used the PRISMA flow chart.Results: Low physical activity 1.32 times in­crea­sed the risk of hypertension compared with moderate/strenuous physical activity (aOR= 1.34; 95% CI= 1.06 to 1.69; p= 0.010; I2: 77%) and statistically significant.Conclusion: Low physical activity increases the risk of hypertension in adults.Keywords: hypertension, exercise, physical acti­vity.Correspondence: Dyah Mubarokah Ahadiyati. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email:mubarokah.dyah@gmail­.­com. Mobile: 085747333905.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2020), 05(04): 402-409https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2020.05.04.02 
Analysis of Working Postures on the Low Back Pain Incidence in Traditional Songket Weaving Craftsmen in Ketang Manggarai Village, NTT Suryati, Yuliana; Nggarang, Bonavantura Nursi
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 5, No 4 (2020)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Low back pain (LBP) is pain that is experienced in between the corners of the lower ribs to the fold of the lower buttocks, namely the lumbar-sacral area and is often accompanied by pain radiations to the legs and feet. LBP is caused by sitting for a long time in a monotonous position, causing tension on back muscles and can lead to the surrounding soft tissue damage. Traditional cloth weavers are at risk of LBP due to their activities that requiring sitting and bending positions, in a same certain position and for a long time. Analysis of appro-priate working posture can be a reference to reduce the risk of LBP. This study aims to determine working posture and its effect on the incidence of LBP and the risk level of each work attitude element of the woven fabric manufacturing activity.Subjects and Method: This was a quantitative study using a retrospective study. The subjects of this study were 40 weavers of traditional fabrics. The dependent variable was working posture. The independent variable was low back pain (LBP). LBP pain measured using the numeric rating scale (NRS) and the Quick Exposure Check (QEC) questionnaire to determine working posture. Results: There was a significant relationship between LBP and working posture (QEC level) (OR= 0.15; 95% CI= 0.03 to 0.71; p= 0.017), age (OR= 5.64; 95% CI= 1.07 to 2.96; p= 0.001), and tenure OR= 0.44; 95% CI= 0.16 to 0.85; p= 0.014). Age and tenure (hours) also influence the incidence of LBP.Conclusion: Age, working experience (length of work), and working posture have a high contribution to the incidence of Low back pain. The results of this study expected to be a reference of comfortable working posture for workers and efforts to prevent and manage low back pain.Keywords: working posture, low back painCorrespondence: Yuliana Suryati. Faculty of Health Science, Uni-versitas Katolik Indonesia Santu Paulus Ru-teng. Jl. Ahmad Yani 10 Manggarai, East Nusa Tenggara. Email: syulty12@gmail.com. Mobile: 081328430358.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2020), 05(04): 469-476https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2020.05.04.09

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