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INDONESIA
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan
Published by Universitas Negeri Semarang
ISSN : 23030623     EISSN : 24072370     DOI : -
Core Subject : Science,
Materials Science & Nanotechnology
This journal presents articles and information on research, development and applications in biomass conversion processes (thermo-chemical conversion; physico-chemical conversion and bio-chemical conversion) and equipment to produce fuels, power, heat, and value-added chemicals from biomass. A biorefinery takes advantage of the various components in biomass and their intermediates therefore maximizing the value derived from the biomass feedstock. A biorefinery could, for example, produce one or several low-volume, but high-value, chemical or nutraceutical products and a low-value, but high-volume liquid transportation fuel such as biodiesel or bioethanol (see also alcohol fuel). The high-value products increase profitability, the high-volume fuel helps meet energy needs, and the power production helps to lower energy costs and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from traditional power plant facilities. Future biorefineries may play a major role in producing chemicals and materials that are traditionally produced from petroleum.
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Articles 12 Documents
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Search results for , issue "Vol 12, No 1 (2023): June 2023 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]" : 12 Documents clear
Starch-Based Bioplastic Reinforced by Cellulose Nanocrystal Isolated from Water Hyacinth Fauziah Rismawati; Feronika Heppy Sriherfyna; Firda Aulya Syamani
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 12, No 1 (2023): June 2023 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v12i1.40239

Abstract

This study aims to determine the effect of the addition of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) with different concentrations (0,2,4,6,8,10%) isolated from water hyacinth on tensile strength, elongation, and biodegradability of corn starch bioplastics. CNC isolation was conducted, including alkalization, bleaching, acid hydrolysis, and sonication. After the isolation process, CNC was characterized based on functional group, crystallinity, and morphology surface. Then, the production of starch bioplastic using solution casting was carried out with the addition of CNC. The results showed chemical treatments affected the functional group, increasing the crystallinity index, and removing the fibril structure in water hyacinth fibers. Likewise, the addition of CNC to starch bioplastic fluctuated the tensile strength and elongation. In the biodegradability test, the physical appearance of the bioplastic completely changed. Then, the optimum mass reduction occurred in the 6% CNC on the 10th day.
Characteristics of Hybrid Coal from Co-Pyrolysis of Lignite and Corn Cob Jefriadi Jefriadi; Mita Oktaviani; Lydia Rahmi; Rinny Jelita
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 12, No 1 (2023): June 2023 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v12i1.39789

Abstract

Lignite is the lowest rank coal which has less economic value. Corn cobs are solid waste biomass as a by-product of corn processing. The processing of these two materials can produce a product in the form of hybrid coal through the co-pyrolysis process. This study aims to determine the optimum temperature and mixing ratio of co-pyrolysis of lignite and corn cob and to characterize the hybrid coal produced by co-pyrolysis. The lignite is dried and crushed to a particle size of 20-50 mesh. Corn cob was cleaned, cut into pieces, and sieved to a size of 0.4-2 mm. Then it was dried using an oven at 105oC for 24 hours. Lignite and corn cob were mixed with a ratio of 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3 (mass of lignite: mass of corn cob). The mixture of materials is inserted into the pyrolysis reactor as much as 400 grams. The pyrolysis process was carried out at temperatures of 350ºC, 400ºC, 450ºC, 500ºC, and 550ºC for 1 hour by flowing nitrogen gas into the reactor with a flow rate of 1.5 L/minute. The results showed that increasing the mixing ratio and co-pyrolysis temperature would decrease the yield of hybrid coal. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature will increase the calorific value of hybrid coal. Still, the effect of the mixing ratio of lignite and corn cob shows a decrease in heating value at a mixing ratio of 1:1 and an increase in a mixing ratio of 1:3. Other parameters such as moisture content and volatile matter content decreased with increasing temperature and mixing ratio. In contrast, ash content and fixed carbon content increased. So, an optimum temperature and mixing ratio of 450ºC and 1:3 is the best condition to get hybrid coal that met the requirements to be a solid fuel.
Production Fruitghurt From Watermelon Skin With The Addition Of Dragon Fruit Extract As A Natural Colorant Hamsina Hamsina; Sonia Sonia; Fitri Ariani; Andi Zulfikar Syaiful; M. Tang; Ridwan Ridwan; Hermawati Hermawati; Al Gazali; Andi Abriana; Nani Anggraini; Ruslan Hasani
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 12, No 1 (2023): June 2023 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v12i1.40309

Abstract

This study aimed to determine the optimum formulation of fruitghurt from the white layer of watermelon skin with the addition of dragon fruit extract and to analyze the effect of adding dragon fruit extract to pH, lactic acid levels, vitamin C and fruitghurt acceptability from the white layer of watermelon skin. This research method consisted of 5 stages, namely making watermelon skin filtrate, making watermelon extract, making dragon fruit extract, making fruitghurt and incubation (fermentation). In this study, 4 formulations were carried out with different proportions of adding dragon fruit extract. Formula A (100 ml of watermelon skin filtrate, 15 ml of watermelon extract, 0 ml of dragon fruit extract, 11.5 grams of skim milk, 11.5 grams of sugar, 23 grams of plain yogurt), formula B (100 ml of skin filtrate, 15 ml of watermelon extract, 3.5 ml dragon fruit extract, 11.5 grams skim milk, 11.5 grams sugar, 23 grams plain yogurt), formula C (100 ml watermelon peel filtrate, 15 ml watermelon extract, 6.5 ml extract dragon fruit, 11.5 grams of skim milk, 11.5 grams of sugar, 23 grams of plain yogurt), formula D (100 ml of watermelon skin filtrate, 15 ml of watermelon extract, 9.5 ml of dragon fruit extract, 11.5 grams of milk skim, 11.5 grams of sugar, 23 grams of plain yogurt). The sample tests that have been made include the pH test, lactic acid level test, vitamin C level test, and organoleptic test. The test data were analyzed statistically by using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Ducans multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results obtained were the addition of dragon fruit extract had a significantly different effect on pH, lactic acid levels, vitamin C levels, taste, aroma, color, but had no significant effect on the texture of the fruitghurt produced. The optimum formulation obtained was in treatment D with a pH value (4.57), lactic acid content (2.04%), vitamin C content (0.031%), taste test 2.72 (somewhat like), color test 4.88 (like very much), texture test 4.08 (like), and aroma test 3.48 (like)
Mild Nitric Acid Treatments to Produce Nitrocellulose from Kapok Fiber (Ceiba Pentandra) Fitriannoor Fitriannoor; Hesti Wijayanti; Rinna Juwita; Iryanti Fatyasari Nata
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 12, No 1 (2023): June 2023 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v12i1.42156

Abstract

Kapok (Ceiba pentandra) is one of the natural fibrous sources with a high content of cellulose. The natural kapok used contains 54.3% of cellulose, 11.3% of hemicellulose, and 19.11% of lignin. Kapok is a potential material to be explored by isolating the fiber, then converting into nitrocellulose. The effect of nitric acid concentration on the nitration process and characterization of material were investigated. Kapok fiber was isolated by delignification and bleaching process. Delignification was done in the presence of 5% (w/v) of NaOH and 30% (v/v) of H2O2 for alkaline and acid hydrothermal treatment, respectively. Kapok was washed until neutral pH and dried in an oven at 100 oC for 4 h to get kapok fiber (CK). For the nitration process, CK 5% (w/w) was added to a solution of 15% (v/v) phosphoric acid and variation of 15%, 20%, and 25% of nitric acid. The mixture was stirred at 10 oC, 300 rpm, for 30 min. The solid CK was separated and poured into hot water for 5 min and continuously washed with demineralized (DI) water and sodium hydrogen carbonate until neutral pH. The nitrocellulose (KN) was produced after the material dried. The smooth surface of fiber and diameter around 14.5-19.1 µm was changed into a plat fiber of 13.3-21.2 µm after hydrothermal treatment. The crystallinity index (CrI) of CK was increased up to 58.17% based on X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) observation. The degree of substitution (DS) was calculated by data spectra of Fourier Transform-Infra Red (FT-IR) analysis of a specific functional group for N-O and C-O stretching vibrations. The DS optimum value was achieved at about 0.885 at concentration of 20% nitric acid (NK20). The synthesis of nitrocellulose kapok fiber-based has potential as a functional material.
Characteristics of Density and Hardness on Caloric Value of Substitution of Biomass and Pet Plastics as Refused Derived Fuel Pellets Pratiwi Claudia Gaina; Mega Mutiara Sari; I Wayan Koko Suryawan; Wisnu Prayogo; Kuntum Khoiro Ummatin; Qurrotin Ayunina Maulida Okta Arifianti; Niswatun Faria
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 12, No 1 (2023): June 2023 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v12i1.38069

Abstract

The utilization of biomass and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste as raw material for refuse-derived fuel (RDF) has been studied. However, physical such as density and hardness are still not widely used. This study aimed to determine the relationship between variations in the composition of PET and physical garden waste density and hardness on the quality of the caloric value of RDF. Density measurements were carried out with the Ultrapyc 1200e instrument. While for hardness, using the Shore D method. The Shore D Hardness test is a standardized test that involves evaluating the amount of depth that may be penetrated by a certain indentation. The lowest density is RDF pellets for food waste at 1,537 kg/m3 and consists of RDF pellets for plastic waste at 2,560 kg/m3. In line with the density, the hardness value increases with the addition of the PET composition. The density and hardness values in the RDF mixture show a simultaneous relationship to the heating value. The highest caloric value achieved is the use of 100% PET as pellets which can reach 5765 kcal/kg.
Isothermal Adsorption of Used Cooking Oil Purification Using Avocado Seed Adsorbent Harianingsih Harianingsih; Wara Dyah Pita Rengga; Athiya Rihadatul 'Aisy Qothrun Nada; Rizki Ria Ramadhani; Alifyan Syauqi; Retno Wulandari
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 12, No 1 (2023): June 2023 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v12i1.42247

Abstract

High consumption of cooking oil has an impact on the availability of used cooking oil. Used cooking oil can cause pollution if the processing is not sound. So we need an alternative as a solution for handling cooking oil waste. Adsorption using avocado seed adsorbent is the choice because the morphological structure and other characteristics meet the specifications for the adsorption of used cooking oil. This study aimed to determine the acid number, viscosity, density and isothermal adsorption from avocado seeds as an adsorbent in used cooking oil. The method used was by varying the adsorbent doses of 100, 200 and 300 mg    L-1 with contact times of 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 minutes. Adsorption was carried out at a temperature of 70oC and a stirring speed of 200 rpm. The results obtained for the acid numbers at various adsorbent doses at 150 minutes reached 6.22, 4.98 and 3.12 mg KOH      g-1. Viscosity at different adsorbents reached 54.2, 46.23 and 45.44 mm2 s-1, while the density reached 898.92, 897.17 and 896.55 kg m-3. Langmuir isothermal adsorption obtained R2 value in the equation reached 0.9365 and Freundlich reached 0.9496, so the Freundlich equation model is more recommended for use in the adsorption process because the regression value is close to 1.
Effects of Steam-To-Biomass Ratio and Temperature in Gasification on The Methanol Conversion and Selectivity: A Simulation Study of Biomass to Methanol Rahma Muthia; Muhammad Raihan Pratama
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 12, No 1 (2023): June 2023 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v12i1.42365

Abstract

Gasification is an attractive pathway for valorizing waste and biomass as it can deal with a wide range of feedstocks yielding gaseous products that be converted further to valuable biofuels and chemicals. While many previous studies commonly discussed the effects of gasification operating parameters, such as operating conditions, biomass feedstocks and gasifying agents, on syngas compositions, fewer studies evaluated the effects of gasification process parameters on final products derived from syngas. Essentially, performing an integrated assessment of the biomass-to-product conversion gives a thorough understanding of the biomass processing and provides one with useful heuristics for the conversion of biomass to valuable chemicals. This study evaluates the effects of steam-to-biomass ratio (S/B = 0.3 – 0.7) and gasification temperature (Tgasif = 900℃ – 1,100℃) on the methanol production by performing simulations in the Aspen Plus v.11 process simulator. The kinetically controlled reactions model was considered in the methanol synthesis unit to mimic its actual process condition and to take into account the possibility of the side product formation. The outcome of this study recommends that the steam-to-biomass ratio gives more notable effects on the gasification distribution products and the conversion of syngas to methanol than those given by the gasification temperature. While, the reaction selectivity to methanol remains high, and it is not sensitive to the change of steam-to-biomass ratios and gasification temperatures.
Characteristics of Banana Stem Adsorbent (Musa Paradisiaca) For Biogas Purification With Variation of Adsorption Contact Time Elida Purba; Ferina Safitri
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 12, No 1 (2023): June 2023 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v12i1.39600

Abstract

The features of the adsorbent utilized for biogas purification are covered in this study. The aim of this study was to investigate the features of the banana stem adsorbent that may be applied to the adsorption process for the purification of biogas. The research involved the preparation of banana stem powder, the removal of lignin, the creation of adsorbents, and the purification of biogas using the adsorption technique. The adsorption contact time variations used were (30; 60; 90) minutes, with a biogas flow rate of 1 l/minute and a banana stem particle size of 20 mesh. Samples were analyzed by lignocellulosic content analysis, FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope), and Gas Chromatography. According to the research findings, the adsorbent made from banana stems that can be used to purify biogas has a cellulose content of 47.5%, in the FT-IR analysis there is a shift in the peak number of stretching in the hydroxyl and carboxylic acid functional groups and has a surface structure of banana stem fiber that is orderly. The longer the contact time in the biogas purification process utilizing banana stem adsorbent with variations in adsorption contact time acquired, the more CO2 was adsorbed and the higher the CH4 concentration in the purified biogas. The biogas purification process resulted in a 39.893% reduction in CO2 content and the best contact time to produce the largest CH4 content was 90 minutes with the resulting CH4 content of 64.786%.
The Effect of Various Solvent in Soxhlet Extraction on The Characterictics of Basil Oil (Ocimum Americanum L.) Luthfi Kurnia Dewi; Siska Dwi Setyawati; Annisa Nur Fidyanti Pamuji; Syifa Indrayana; Chandrawati Cahyani
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 12, No 1 (2023): June 2023 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v12i1.41903

Abstract

Basil (Ocimum americanum L.) is a common plant in Indonesia used as the source of basil oil. Many methods to produce basil oil, such as solvent extraction using Soxhlet apparatus that called Soxhlet extraction. Determining solvent is a necessary factor in Soxhlet extraction because it affects the results of extraction in the form of quantity and quality of the essential oil produced. This shows that the selection of the type of solvent is an important factor to consider in the process of extracting basil essential oil, so this study was carried out to know the effect of solvent variations on the extraction results which were analyzed based on the yield and quality of essential oils including refractive index, specific gravity, and active compound. This research used three solvents with different polarities, ethanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane. Basil leaves were separated from their flower and stem and dried in the oven at 102°C until their water content was 15-25%. Before extraction, dried basil leaves were cut to reduce size. The ratio of material to solvent that used was 1:50. Extraction was done at boiling point of each solvent for ten cycles. The rotary evaporator was used to separate basil oil and solvent. The highest yield is accomplished by basil oil that used ethanol (2,74%) followed by ethyl acetate (0,74%) and n-hexane (0,41%). The major active compounds obtained from each solvent were linalool 38.08% (ethanol), linalool 27.11% (ethyl acetate), and methyl chavicol 39.3% (n-Hexane). Basil oil from three solvents has a refractive index and specific gravity that suit commercial basil oil.
New Thermal Insulation Materials Based on Mahogany Sawdust and Polyurethane Foam for Buildings Gita Novian Hermana; M. Rizki Gorbyandi Nadi; M. Nur Hidajatullah; M. Nursyam Rizal
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 12, No 1 (2023): June 2023 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v12i1.40569

Abstract

Global energy consumption has increased in the last few decades and is the third largest contributor to global energy consumption and one of the causes of increased carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore, in this study utilizing sawdust mahogany as a thermal insulation material to overcome the above problems. Sawdust material is combined with polyurethane foam to produce optimal physical, mechanical, and thermal insulation properties. From the study results it was found that the density of the thermal insulation material increased with the addition of sawdust. The value of the density is in the range of 0.041-0.052 gr/cm3. Observations using the secondary electron image (SEI) on thermal insulation materials show that the amount of sawdust added will affect the formation of an open pore cell structure which is directly proportional to the addition of sawdust. In addition, the more sawdust that is added will change the arrangement of cells and reduce the mechanical properties of the thermal insulation material. This is confirmed by the results of the hardness test which decreases with the addition of sawdust with the lowest value of 16.6 shore C for the addition of 10% sawdust. The thermal conductivity of the thermal insulation material has a value of 0.052, 0.038, 0.033, 0.032, and 0.033 W/mK for the addition of 0.2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% sawdust, respectively. This shows that the thermal insulation material made in this study can be used as an alternative to thermal insulation material

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