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Comparison of Liquid Product Characteristics of PFAD Metal Soap Decarboxylation by Batch and Continuous Process Godlief F. Neonufa; Lidya Elizabeth; Endar Puspawiningtiyas; Meiti Pratiwi; Astri Nur Istyami; Ronny Purwadi; Tatang H. Soerawidjaja
Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences Vol. 53 No. 3 (2021)
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services, Institut Teknologi Bandung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2021.53.3.11

Well-run continuous processes will benefit the industrial world in the future. This paper investigated the effect of batch and continuous processes on metal basic soap decarboxylation in terms of the liquid product characteristics. The metal soap used in the process was made from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) reacted with mixed metal oxides of Zn, Mg, and Ca. While the batch decarboxylation was carried out in a batch reactor at 400 °C for 5 hours, the continuous decarboxylation was conducted at 400 °C with a feed flow rate of 3.75 gr/minutes. Theoretically, the yield of batch decarboxylation is 76.6 wt% while the yield of continuous decarboxylation is 73.37 wt%. The liquid product was fractionated to separate short-chain hydrocarbon of C7-C10 (gasoline fractions) from medium- to long-chain hydrocarbons, or greater than C11 (green diesel fraction). The result showed that the alkane content from the batch process was higher than from the continuous process, whereas the continuous process produced more ketone products compared to the batch process. Furthermore, the GC-FID analysis showed a similar amount of total hydrocarbon (alkane, iso-alkane, and alkene) in both the batch and the continuous process.

Pemodelan dan Simulasi Pencairan Gas Alam dengan Persamaan Keadaan Peng Robinson Lidya Elizabeth; Okky Indra Putra; Marthen Luther Doko
CHEESA: Chemical Engineering Research Articles Vol 4, No 1 (2021)
Publisher : Universitas PGRI Madiun

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25273/cheesa.v4i1.8316.18-30

Gas alam merupakan energi yang ramah lingkungan dibandingkan batubara dan minyak bumi. Pencairan gas alam memudahkan pengangkutan pada jarak jauh. Tujuan pemodelan dan simulasi pencairan gas alam ini yaitu mengetahui pengaruh temperatur dan tekanan pada masukan kompresor. Simulasi dilakukan secara statis dan dinamis. Metode simulasi pencairan gas alam menggunakan perangkat Matlab dengan persamaan keadaan Peng Robinson dan aturan campuran (mixing rules). Pemodelan statisdilakukan pada temperatur masukan gas alam 298 K dan tekanan 20 atm. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan gas alam mengalami pencairan pada siklus kedua. Temperatur gas alam siklus pertama mencapai 182 K sedangkan kedua 112 K. Pemodelan dinamis memvariasikan temperatur masukan kompresor pada komposisi gas alam tetap dan variasi komposisi gas metana pada temperatur masukan kompresor tetap. Hasil menunjukkan semakin tinggi temperatur masukan kompresor, semakin tinggi temperatur keluaran kompresor akhir dan throttling valve. Pada variasi komposisi gas metana, semakin besar komposisi gas metana maka semakin rendah suhu keluaran kompresor.

Kajian Pustaka Sintesis Nanoselulosa dari Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit sebagai Filler Pembuatan Tisu Toilet Irwan Hidayatulloh; Emmanuela Maria Widyanti; Chandra Aztaris; Awalum Melanitria; Lidya Elizabeth
Fluida Vol 15 No 1 (2022): FLUIDA
Publisher : Jurusan Teknik Kimia, Politeknik Negeri Bandung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35313/fluida.v15i1.2711

Tisu merupakan salah satu jenis kertas yang terbuat dari serat kayu. Peningkatan kebutuhan tisu di masyarakat meningkatkan penebangan pohon. Tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) merupakan limbah dari kelapa sawit yang mengandung selulosa tinggi dan memiliki potensi untuk dimanfaatkan sebagai filler dalam pembuatan tisu. Penelaahan kajian pustaka ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui potensi pemanfaatan nanoselulosa TKKS sebagai filler pembuatan tisu toilet. Sesuai persyaratan, bahan untuk tisu diharapkan mempunyai kandungan selulosa 70 %. Perhitungan kadar selulosa optimum dengan delignifikasi ditentukan dari regresi linear menggunakan software SPSS Statistics 25. Rancangan variabel proses menggunakan software Minitab 19. Metode perancangan yang digunakan dalam percobaan adalah placket burman. Hasil delignifikasi optimum didapatkan pada suhu 150-160°C, NaOH 15-17,5%, dan waktu 20-40 menit. Ukuran diameter nanoselulosa terkecil sebesar 5-10 nm, didapatkan dengan proses hidrolisis asam menggunakan H2SO4 30% pada suhu 60°C selama 120 menit. Nanoselulosa dapat digunakan sebagai filler dalam pembuatan tisu toilet, karena dapat menghasilkan rongga yang dapat menyerap molekul air dan meningkatkan kekuatan lapisan kertas. Tissue is a type of paper, made from wood fibers. The elevation of tissue necessity in the society will rise the trees logging. Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) is waste from oil palm mill which contains high cellulose and has a lot of potential to be used, one of that is as a filler in the manufacture of tissue. The literature review was conducted to determine the potential utilization of cellulose in OPEFB as a filler in the manufacture of toilet paper. According to the requirements, the material for tissue is expected to have a cellulose content of 70%. Estimation of optimum cellulose content with delignification was determined by linear regression using SPSS Statistics 25 software. The optimum delignification results were obtained at a temperature of 150-1600C, NaOH 15-17.5%, and 20-40 minutes. The lowest diameter of nanocellulose is 5-10 nm, obtained by acid hydrolysis using 30% H2SO4 at 600C for 120 minutes. The nanocellulose is used as a filler in the manufacture of toilet paper, because it can produce holes that can absorb water molecules and increase the strength of the paper layer.

Nanocellulose Production from Empty Palm Oil Fruit Bunches (EPOFB) Using Hydrolysis Followed by Freeze Drying Irwan Hidayatulloh; Emmanuela Maria Widyanti; Endang Kusumawati; Lidya Elizabeth
ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol 21, No 1 (2021)
Publisher : Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/ajche.61093

Empty palm oil fruit bunches (EPOFB) are lignocellulose which is abundantly available in Indonesia. EPOFB has big potential as raw materials to substitute wood in nanocellulose manufacture. The production of nanocellulose from EOPFB consists of various stages, such as preparation by grinding and sizing, α-cellulose isolation, acid hydrolysis, and freeze-drying. α-cellulose isolate from POEFB through delignification using 17.5% NaOH (w / v) at 80oC for 30 minutes and bleaching using 10% H2O2 (v / v) at 70oC for 15 minutes. The bleached cellulose was then hydrolyzed by acid hydrolysis process using 64% H2SO4 for 45 minutes with temperature variations to determine the effect of temperature on the size of nanocellulose. Obtained nanocellulose then dried with the freeze-drying method at a temperature of 50oC for 6 hours. The nanocellulose morphology was characterized using SEM analysis, and FTIR analysis was done to determine the presence of cellulose and lignin. The smallest average diameter obtained at 50oC temperature is 86.8 nm with a 51.5 – 66.5 nm distribution range.

STUDI LITERATUR PENGARUH KONDISI OPERASI FRAKSIONASI TKKS DENGAN PROSES ORGANOSOLV TERHADAP KADAR SELULOSA DAN LIGNIN Sindy Rizkia Salsabila; Ahya Siti Hasanah; Emmanuela Maria Widyanti; Lidya Elizabeth
Prosiding Industrial Research Workshop and National Seminar Vol 12 (2021): Prosiding 12th Industrial Research Workshop and National Seminar (IRWNS)
Publisher : Politeknik Negeri Bandung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (372.903 KB)

STUDI LITERATUR PENGARUH KONDISI OPERASI FRAKSIONASI TKKS DENGAN PROSES ORGANOSOLV TERHADAP KADAR SELULOSA DAN LIGNIN

Studi Literatur Penentuan Jenis ILs serta Kondisi Operasi Optimum pada Fraksionasi TKKS Fifi Yani; Tasya Shafira Widjaya; Lidya Elizabeth; Emmanuela Maria Widyanti
Prosiding Industrial Research Workshop and National Seminar Vol 12 (2021): Prosiding 12th Industrial Research Workshop and National Seminar (IRWNS)
Publisher : Politeknik Negeri Bandung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (258.627 KB)

Studi Literatur Penentuan Jenis ILs serta Kondisi Operasi Optimum pada Fraksionasi TKKS

Pengaruh Konsentrasi Gliserol dalam Edible Coating Tepung Biji Nangka dengan Penambahan Plasticizer Gliserol Emmanuela Maria Widyanti; Nancy Siti Djenar; Ari Marlina; Endang Widiastuti; Irwan Hidayatulloh; Intan Puspitarini; Dhara Firdausa; Lidya Elizabeth
Fluida Vol 15 No 2 (2022): FLUIDA
Publisher : Jurusan Teknik Kimia, Politeknik Negeri Bandung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35313/fluida.v15i2.4419

Tomatoes are horticultural plants that are easily damaged, need to be coated with a food grade edible coating. The basic ingredients that can be used are polysaccharides, derived from jackfruit seed flour, then glycerol plasticizer is added to improve the brittle nature of the edible coating. The maximum glycerol added was carried out with the following concentration variations: control (without glycerol), 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%. The analysis carried out included testing the respiration rate and weight loss in tomato storage for 6 days. In determining the respiration rate, an experiment was carried out by flowing 1 L/minute of air for 2 minutes which had been passed through a saturated Ca(OH)2 solution flowed into a jar containing tomatoes, passing through a 0.05 N NaOH solution added 0.1% phenophthalein indicator and titrated with HCl 0.05 N until the red color disappears and the weight loss decreases on tomatoes coated with edible coating. The results obtained were the lowest decrease in respiration rate at 2% glycerol concentration of 0.137 mgCO2/kg.hour and the lowest decrease in weight loss at 2.5% glycerol concentration of 1.913%.

Kajian Pustaka Sintesis Nanoselulosa dari Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit sebagai Filler Pembuatan Tisu Toilet Irwan Hidayatulloh; Emmanuela Maria Widyanti; Chandra Aztaris; Awalum Melanitria; Lidya Elizabeth
Fluida Vol 15 No 1 (2022): FLUIDA
Publisher : Jurusan Teknik Kimia, Politeknik Negeri Bandung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35313/fluida.v15i1.2711

Tisu merupakan salah satu jenis kertas yang terbuat dari serat kayu. Peningkatan kebutuhan tisu di masyarakat meningkatkan penebangan pohon. Tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) merupakan limbah dari kelapa sawit yang mengandung selulosa tinggi dan memiliki potensi untuk dimanfaatkan sebagai filler dalam pembuatan tisu. Penelaahan kajian pustaka ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui potensi pemanfaatan nanoselulosa TKKS sebagai filler pembuatan tisu toilet. Sesuai persyaratan, bahan untuk tisu diharapkan mempunyai kandungan selulosa 70 %. Perhitungan kadar selulosa optimum dengan delignifikasi ditentukan dari regresi linear menggunakan software SPSS Statistics 25. Rancangan variabel proses menggunakan software Minitab 19. Metode perancangan yang digunakan dalam percobaan adalah placket burman. Hasil delignifikasi optimum didapatkan pada suhu 150-160°C, NaOH 15-17,5%, dan waktu 20-40 menit. Ukuran diameter nanoselulosa terkecil sebesar 5-10 nm, didapatkan dengan proses hidrolisis asam menggunakan H2SO4 30% pada suhu 60°C selama 120 menit. Nanoselulosa dapat digunakan sebagai filler dalam pembuatan tisu toilet, karena dapat menghasilkan rongga yang dapat menyerap molekul air dan meningkatkan kekuatan lapisan kertas. Tissue is a type of paper, made from wood fibers. The elevation of tissue necessity in the society will rise the trees logging. Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) is waste from oil palm mill which contains high cellulose and has a lot of potential to be used, one of that is as a filler in the manufacture of tissue. The literature review was conducted to determine the potential utilization of cellulose in OPEFB as a filler in the manufacture of toilet paper. According to the requirements, the material for tissue is expected to have a cellulose content of 70%. Estimation of optimum cellulose content with delignification was determined by linear regression using SPSS Statistics 25 software. The optimum delignification results were obtained at a temperature of 150-1600C, NaOH 15-17.5%, and 20-40 minutes. The lowest diameter of nanocellulose is 5-10 nm, obtained by acid hydrolysis using 30% H2SO4 at 600C for 120 minutes. The nanocellulose is used as a filler in the manufacture of toilet paper, because it can produce holes that can absorb water molecules and increase the strength of the paper layer.

Comparison of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Delignification at Room and Mild Temperature Lidya Elizabeth; Emmanuela Maria Widyanti; Bambang Soeswanto; Dini Sri Wahyuni; Kartika Dian Pratiwi
Jurnal Teknik Kimia dan Lingkungan Vol. 6 No. 2 (2022): October 2022
Publisher : Politeknik Negeri Malang

Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) is one kind of palm oil industry solid waste. OPEFB contains high lignocellulose for about 81-89% that can be used for production of fertilizer, paper, filler, and composite. The separating method of lignocellulose into cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose can be carried out by delignification using H2O2 and MnSO4.H2O as catalyst. Two experimental designs were performed using the Minitab 21 program with Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Both designs have temperature as their dependent variable. The processes are carried out at 36oC and room temperature with the same variable independent, such as delignification time and concentration of the catalyst. The difference between these two designs is in their stirring process. Delignification that occured at 36oC is processed under constant stirring, while delignification that occured at room temperature is processed without stirring. This experiment aims to determine the optimum conditions for using Mn-catalyst in delignification by varying the time and catalyst concentration. The results show that the lowest lignin content in delignification with reflux is 19.71% (w/w), and for delignification without reflux is 18.24% (w/w). The optimum condition obtained by RSM for reflux delignification was at 6,83 hours with use of 11,03% (w/w) catalyst. Meanwhile, without reflux delignification, the optimum condition was at 3,38 days with a 3.76% (w/w) catalyst.

The Effect of Maltodextrin Concentration and Spray Dryer Drying Temperature on the Characteristics of Coconut Milk Powder Fitria Yulistiani; Alifia Nuraeni; Sheilla Aulia Sofiatul Mardiah; Irwan Hidayatulloh; Lidya Elizabeth; Nurcahyo
Fluida Vol 16 No 1 (2023): FLUIDA
Publisher : Jurusan Teknik Kimia, Politeknik Negeri Bandung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35313/fluida.v16i1.4006

Coconut milk has a higher water content than other contents, so microbes can easily damage and spoil it. To obtain a low-moisture powder product, the liquid coconut milk was dried using a Buchi Mini Spray dryer B-290 with inlet temperatures of 150°C, 160°C, and 170°C. The researchers added maltodextrin to coconut milk, which had a ratio of grated coconut to the water of 1:3, in concentrations of 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, and 13%. The addition of maltodextrin and the use of drying temperature did not significantly affect the pH, solubility, and percentage of product mass but did significantly affect the moisture content. The best operating conditions for producing coconut milk powder were at a maltodextrin concentration of 13% and a temperature of 170°C. Under these conditions, the produced coconut milk powder had a pH value of 6.12, a moisture content of 4.56%, a solubility of 98.74%, a product mass of 24.99 grams and an overall percentage of product mass of 21.32%.

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