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Journal of Maternal and Child Health
Published by Universitas Sebelas Maret
ISSN : -     EISSN : 25490257     DOI : -
Core Subject : Health,
Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health
Journal of Maternal and Child Health (JMCH) is an electronic, open-access, double-blind and peer-reviewed international journal, focusing on maternal and child health. The journal began its publication on July 11, 2015, and is published four times yearly. JMCH aims to improve the policy, program, service, and practice, as they impact infant, children, mother, women, adolescent, and family health.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 446 Documents
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Effect of Birthweight, Illness History, and Dietary Pattern, on the Incidence of Anemia in Children Under-Five at Tasikmadu Health Center, Karanganyar, Central Java Anggraini, Yeni; Salimo, Harsono; Tamtomo, Didik
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 2, No 3 (2017)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: The first five years of life is often regarded as “golden age period” of development. During this period physical, motor, intellectual, emotional, language, and social development proceed  rapidly in children. Brain tissues grow fast to reach 80% of adult brain weight. Anemia occuring during this period can affect health, as well as cognitive and physical development in children. This study aimed to determine the effects of birthweight, illness history, dietary pattern, maternal education, and family income on the incidence of anemia in children under-five years of age.Subject and Method: This was an analytic observational study using case control design. The study was carried out at Karanganyar District, Central Java, from February to April 2017. A sample of 110 subjects was selected for this study, consisting of 35 children under-five years of age with anemia and 75 children of the same age without anemia. The independent variables were birthweight, illness history, dietary pattern, maternal education, and family income. The dependent variable was anemia. The data were collected by a set of questionnaire. Hemoglobin concentration was measured by Hb meter. The data were analyzed by path analysis on Stata 13.Results: Anemia in children under-five was directly affected by illness history (b= 2.50; 95% CI = 1.06 to 3.95;  p= 0.001;), dietary pattern (b= -1.89; 95% CI = -3.39 to -0.39;  p=0.013;), and birthweight (b= -0.97; 95% CI = -2.07 to 0.13; p= 0.083). Anemia in children under-five was indirectly affected by maternal educational (b=1.09; 95% CI = 0.14 – 2.04; p= 0.024) and family income (b= -0.90; 95% CI = -1.78 to 0.02; p= 0.044).Conclusion: Anemia in children under-five is directly affected by illness history, dietary pattern, and birthweight. It is indirectly affected by maternal educational and family income.Keywords : Anemia, birthweight, illness history, dietary pattern, children under-fiveCorrespondence: Yeni Anggraini. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia. Email : yenni.anggrainie@gmaill.com. Mobile : 085712329100Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2017), 2(3): 200-212https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2017.02.03.02
Effect of Hormonal Contraceptive on Sexual Life, Body Mass Index, Skin Health, and Uterine Bleeding, in Women of Reproduction Age in Jombang, East Java Yosin, Esti Pratiwi; Mudigdo, Ambar; Budhiastuti, Uki Retno
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 1, No 3 (2016)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Injection hormonal contraceptive can be distinguished into DMPA (depo medroxyprogesterone acetate) and combination. DMPA injection is administered in single dose of 150 mg/mL intramuscular every 12 week. It was hypothesized that DMPA injection resulted inadvertent effect such as lowered sexual life quality, increased body mass index, lowered quality of skin health, and abnormal uterine bleeding. This study aimed to examine the effects of DMPA injection on sexual life, body mass index, skin health, and abnormal uterine bleeding.Subjects and Method: This was analytical observational study with retrospective cohort design. This study was conducted in Jombang, East Java. A total sample of 149 women of reproductive age consisting of 99 DMPA injection contraceptive users and 50 non hormonal contraceptive users was selected for this study, by stratified random sampling. The dependent variables were sexual life quality, body mass index, quality of skin health, and uterine bleeding. The independent variable was DMPA injection contraceptive use and age. The data were collected by a set of questionnaire. Sexual life quality was measured by female sexual function index (FSFI). The data were analyzed by multiple logistic regression.Results: Use of hormonal contraceptive (OR= 20.17; 95% CI = 6.62 to 61.42; p<0.001) and age 30-35 years old (OR=17.51; 95% CI = 5.74 to 53.38; p<0.001) increased the risk of low quality of sexual life. Age 30-35 years old lowered (OR=0.16; 95% CI =0.07 to 0.36; p<0.001) and hormonal contraceptive (OR= 4.25; 95% CI = 1.95 to 9.30; p<0.001) increased the risk of low quality of skin health. Hormonal contraceptive (b=2.93; SE=0.23; p<0.001) and age 30-35 years old (b=0.70; SE=0.24; p<0.001) increased abnormal uterine bleeding. Hormonal contraceptive (b=5.75; SE=0.54; p<0.001) and age 30-35 years old (b=5.05; SE= 0.55; p<0.001) increased body mass index among women of reproductive age.Conclusion: Use of injection hormonal contraceptive lowers the quality of social life, lowers the quality of skin health, increases body mass index, and increases abnormal uterine bleeding.Keywords: hormonal contraceptive injection, sexual life, skin health, body mass index, uterine bleedingCorrespondence: Esti Pratiwi Yosin. School of Health Sciences Insan Cendekia Medika, Jombang, East Java. Email:estipratiwi77@gmail.com.Journal of Maternal and Child Health 2016, 1(3): 146-160https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2016.01.03.02
Multilevel Analysis on the Determinants of Exclusive Breastfeeding at Gunung Anyar Community Health Center, Surabaya, Indonesia Atika, Zummatul; Salimo, Harsono; Dewi, Yulia Lanti Retno
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 3, No 3 (2018)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Exclusive breastfeeding is provision of breast milk for infants from 0 to 6 months of age with no additional food or drink intake. Provision of medicine, vitamin, and mineral is allowable during the period of exclusive breastfeeding. There is a lack of studies examining factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding in Surabaya using multilevel analysis. This study aimed to examine factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding in Surabaya using multilevel analysis.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with a cross sectional design. The study was carried out at Gunung Anyar community health center (puskesmas), Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. A total of 25 puskesmas was selected by stratified random sampling, covering both accredited and non-accredited puskesmas. A total of 8 lactating mothers from each puskesmas were selected by simple random sampling. The dependent variable was exclusive breastfeeding. The independent variables were subjective norm, leisure time for breastfeeding, attitude, husband support, family support, and health personnel support. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by a multilevel logistic regression.Results: Exclusive breastfeeding was positively affected by positive subjective norm (b=4.31; 95% CI= 1.63 to 6.99; p=0.002), leisure time for breastfeeding (b=3.97; 95% CI= 1.12 to 6.81; p=0.006), positive attitude (b=3.01; 95% CI= 0.57 to 5.45; p=0.016), strong husband support (b=2.39; 95% CI= 0.29 to 4.51; p=0.026), strong family support (b=2.71; 95% CI= 0.46 to 4.97; p=0.018), and strong health personnel support (b=4.13; 95% CI= 1.28 to 6.99; p=0.005). Posyandu showed strong contextual effect on exclusive breastfeeding with intra-class correlation (ICC)= 69.47%.Conclusion: Exclusive breastfeeding is positively affected by positive subjective norm, leisure time for breastfeeding, positive attitude, strong husband support, strong family support, and strong health personnel support.Keywords: exclusive breastfeeding, subjective norm, attitude, husband support, health personnel supportCorrespondence:Zummatul Atika. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta, Indonesia. Email: atikaprayogi6@gmail.com.Mobile:+6289656280307.Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2018), 3(3): 176-183https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2018.03.03.02
Path Analysis on the Biological and Social Economic Determinants of Neonatal Death in Bantul District, Yogyakarta Listiani, Funik Rahma Mei; Salimo, Harsono; Murti, Bhisma
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 3, No 2 (2018)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Nearly four million or two-thirds of the newborns (first week of life) die each year worldwide. In Indo­nesia, neonatal mortality contri­butes to 59% infant mortality. Factors associated with infant death have been reported to be biological and social economic. This study aimed to examine the biological and social-economic determinants of neonatal death in Bantul District, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with a case-control design. Population in this study was all neonates in Panembahan Senopati Hospital who were born from January 2017 to January 2018. A total sample of 200 neonates was selected for this study by fixed disease sampling, consisting of 50 dead and 150 alive neonates. The dependent variable was neonatal death. The independent variables were low birth-weight, asphyxia, prematurity, pregnancy infection, maternal age, maternal education, maternal employment status, and family income. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis.Results: Risk of neonatal death directly increased with asphyxia (b=3.65; 95% CI= 1.77 to 5.52; p<0.001), prematurity (b=2.78; 95% CI= 1.64 to 3.92; p<0.001), and pregnancy infection (b=3.04; 95% CI= 1.82 to 4.26; p<0.001). Risk of neonatal death was indirectly associated with maternal aged 20-35 years, family income, maternal education, and maternal work outside the house.Conclusion: The risk of neonatal death directly increases with asphyxia, prematurity, low birth weight, infection. Risk of neonatal death is indirectly associated with maternal aged 20-35 years, family income, maternal education, and maternal work outside the house.Keywords: neonatal death, risk factors, biological factor, the social and economic factorCorrespondence:Funik Rahma Mei Listiani, Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta, Central Java 57126. Email: funikrahmameilistiani@gmail.com. Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2018), 3(2): 91-99https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2018.03.02.01
The Effect of Socio-Demographic and Obstetric Factors on Early Initiation of Breastfeeding in Tegal District, Central Java Nisa, Juhrotun; Salimo, Harsono; Budihastuti, Uki Retno
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 2, No 2 (2017)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: It is estimated that approximately 10 million children die every year worldwide. Forty five percent of those deaths are caused by malnutrition either directly or indirectly. Studies have shown that breastfeeding in the first hour can reduce neonatal death to 22%. However, breastfeeding practice in the first hour of life reaches only 43% of the newborns in the world. In South Asia, early initiation of breastfeeding is only 41% of the newborn, while in Indonesia it is only 34.5%. This study aimed to determine the effect of socio-demographic and obstetric factors on early initiation of breastfeeding in Tegal District, Central Java.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with cross-sectional design. This study was conducted at 4 Community Health Centers (Puskesmas Pagiyanten, Puskesmas Pagerbarang, Puskesmas Bum­ijawa, Puskesmas Jatinegara) and Dr. Soeselo hospital, Tegal District, Central Java, from February to March 2017. A sample of 121 post partum mothers were selected for this study by  exhaustive sampling. The dependent variable was time from birth delivery to breastfeeding. The independent variables were maternal education, maternal employment status, maternal knowledge, family income, parity, antenatal care (ANC) visit, and health provider support. The data were collected by questionnaire and were analyzed by multiple logistic regression.Results: Early initiation of breastfeeding was positively affected by maternal education ≥ High School (OR=3.90; 95% CI=1.14-13.37; p=0.030), maternal work outside the house (OR=7.93; 95% CI=1.68 to 37.52; p=0.009), ANC ≥ 4 times (OR=3.48; 95% CI=0.82 to 14.81; p=0.092), and strong  health provider support (OR=12.58; 95% CI=4.30 to 36.77; p<0.001)Conclusion: Early initiation of breastfeeding is positively affected by maternal education ≥ High School, maternal work outside the house, ANC ≥ 4 times, and strong  health provider support.Keywords: Socio demographic, obstetric factor, early initiation breastfeedingCorrespondence: Juhrotun Nisa. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta. Email: nisa.jn20@gmail.com. Mobile: +6285642905995. Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2017), 2(2): 89-99https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2017.02.02.01
Path Analysis: The Effect of Biopsychosocial and Environmental Exposure on Child Asthma in Surakarta Hadianti, Ayunita Dwi; Budihastuti, Uki Retno; Dewi, Yulia Lanti Retno
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 1, No 2 (2016)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Asthma is a non-communicable disease with high morbidity in Indonesia.According to David Barker’s fetal origin hypothesis, biopsychosocial as well as environmental exposure during gestational period affect health outcome in later life. This study aimed to determine the effect of bio-psychosocial and environmental exposure factor on the risk of child asthma in Surakarta.Subjects and Methods: This was an analytical observational study with case control design.This study was conducted at the Center for Community Pulmonary Health (BBKPM), Surakarta. A total of 105 study subjects were selected by fixed disease sampling, consisting of 35 asthmatic patients and 70 healthy children aged 6-15 year old. The exogenous variables were maternal education, current child stress, indoor cigarette smoke exposure and maternal stress during gestational period, current family income, and current indoor cigarette smoke exposure. The endogenous variables were birth weight and child asthma. The data were collected by a set of questionnaire and analyzed using path analysis model.Results: Current child stress (b = 3.49; 95% CI = 1.18-5.81; p = 0.003), exposure to indoor cigarette smoke (b = 3.44; 95% CI = 1.07-5.80; p = 0.004), indoor air polution (b = 2.43; 95% CI = 0.60-4.27; p = 0.009), had positive, direct, and statistically significant effects on the risk of child asthma. Birth weight ≥2.500 gram (b = -2.01; 95% CI = -3.95 to -0.07; p = 0.041) had negative, direct, and statistically significant effect on the risk of child asthma. Maternal education had positive and statistically significant effect on family income (b=1.57; 95% CI=0.62 to 2.52; p= 0.001). Family income had negative and statistically significant effect on indoor air pollution (b= -2.48; 95% CI=-3.52 to -1.44; p= 0.001). Maternal stress at gestational period had negative and statistically significant effect on birth weight (b=-1.13; 95% CI= -2.18 to -0.08; p=0.035).Conclusion: In line with David Barker’s fetal origin hypothesis, this study supports that biopsychosocial as well as environmental factors have significant effects on child asthma.Keywords: bio-psychosocial, environmental exposure, asthma, children.Correspondence: Ayunita Dwi Hadianti. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta. Email: ayunitadwihadianti@gmail.com. Mobile: +6282314064445.Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2016), 1(2): 62-72https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2016.01.02.01
Mentoring of Pregnant Women at High Risk Program (Gerdaristi) to Reduce Maternal and Infant Mortality in Nganjuk, East Java Ratnaningsih, Titin; Joebagio, Hermanu; Murti, Bhisma
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 1, No 4 (2016)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Maternal and infant mortality has the third rank in East Java. The effort to reduce the number of maternal and infant mortality is through Mentoring Program Pregnancy and High Risk Infants Mortality or Gerakan Pendampingan Ibu Hamil Beresiko Tinggi (Gerdaristi). This study aimed to investigate the success rate of implementation of Gerdaristi program in reducing Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) and Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) in Nganjuk.Subjects and Method: This was a case study with qualitative method. This was conducted in Nganjuk, East Java.  A sample of 10 pregnant women, 4 cadres, 2 coordinator midwives, 2 community leaders, 1 of the IBI informant, 2 key informant from department of health were selected by using purposive sampling. The data collection used interview, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), observation and documentation. The data were analyzed by chain of evidence, triangulation, member check, checks the extension of participation and colleagues.Results: Implementation Gerdaristi program every month hosted in the health center.  Cadres assisted health centers and conducted home visits every week. Gerdaristi program success is as high as the number of maternal and infant mortality from year to year decline. Nevertheless they found several things including not maximal assistance from the volunteer and mothers level of knowledge about high risk pregnancies are still lacking, and still have a maternal and infant mortality in some districts. This is due to several factors that inhibit awareness among pregnant women to give birth at the hospital as well as their lower mortality factor that cannot be predicted from the beginning.Conclusion: Gerdaristi program has been implemented in accordance with the initial plan involving several related sectors, although there is a few things that implementation is not optimal, but rated this program has been quite successful.Keywords: gerdaristi program, maternal mortality rate, infant mortality rateCorrespondence: Titin Ratnaningsih. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta.Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2016), 1(4): 268-276https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2016.01.04.08
Path Analysis on the Biopsychosocial Determinants of Quality of Life among Children with Cerebral Palsy Ramadhani, Alinda Nur; Adriani, Rita Benya; Salimo, Harsono
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 3, No 4 (2018)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Cerebral palsy(CP) is group of disorders characterized by long-term disabilities that affect thequality of life(QoL) of both patients and those caring for them. This study aimed to examine biopsychosocial determinants of quality of life among children with cerebral palsy, using path analysis model.Subjects and Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Fondation for the Care of Disable Children (YPAC) and Pediatric Neurodevelopmental Therapy Center, Surakarta, Central Java, from April to May 2018. A sample of 110 children with cerebral palsy was selected for this study by simple random sampling. The dependent variable was quality of life. The independent variables were gross motoric skill, parental stress, family support, and social support. Data on quality of life was measured by Cerebral Palsy Quality of Life (CP-QOL) questionnaire. The other data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis.Results: Quality of life of children with cerebral palsy increased with better gross motor (b= 2.79; 95% CI= 1.54 to 4.03; p<0.001), strong family support (b=1.25; 95% CI= 0.26 to 2.24; p= 0.013), and strong social support (b= 0.99; 95% CI= 0.014 to 1.97; p= 0.047). Quality of life of children with cerebral palsy indirectly decreased with high parental stress (b= -1.55; 95% CI= -2.38 to -0.72; p<0.001).Conclusion: Quality of life of children with cerebral palsy increases with better gross motor, strong family support, and strong social support, but indirectly decreases with high parental stress.Keywords: cerebral palsy, quality of life, gross motor, family support, parental stress, childrenCorrespondence:Alinda Nur Ramadhani. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: aramadhani95@gmail.comJournal of Maternal and Child Health (2018), 3(4): 301-307<br/p>https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2018.03.04.08
Socioeconomics Factors Associated with the Utilization of Primary Health Services of Mothers and Children at Nunukan District, North Kalimantan Kristiani, Yunita; Tamtomo, Didik; Wijaya, Mahendra
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 2, No 4 (2017)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: One of the main health development agenda in Indonesia 2015 to 2019 is reduction in maternal mortality ratio and infant mortality rate, and improve access and quality of maternal and child health services. However, variance in socioeconomics status between individual and between rural-urban have caused to difference in utilization of health service. This study aimed to analyze socioeconomics factors associated with the utilization of primary health services of mothers and children at Nunukan District, North Kalimantan.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with cross-sectional design. The study was conducted at six community health centers in Nunukan, North Kalimantan, from October to November, 2017. A total sample of 208 mothers was collected using multistage random sampling. The dependent variables were antenatal care (ANC) service, place of birth delivery, and basic immunization. The independent variables were maternal education, maternal employment status, family income, family welfare, and residence. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis.Results: Utilization of ANC increased with better family welfare (b= 1.42; 95% CI= 0.34 to 2.49; p=0.010). Use of basic immunization increased with higher maternal education (b= 0.71; 95% CI= 0.06 to 1.35; p= 0.032). Place of birth delivery at formal health facility increased with living in urban area (b= 3.2; 95% CI= 1.97 to 4.44; p <0.001), maternal employment (b= 2.34; 95% CI= 0.77 to 3.91; p=0.003), and regular ANC (b=1.04; 95% CI= -0.10 to 2.18; p=0.074). Family income increased with higher maternal education level (b= 1.21; 95% CI= 0.50 to 1.92; p= 0.001) and maternal employment (b= 2.54; 95% CI= 1.67 to 3.41; p <0.001). Family welfare increased with living in urban area (b= 1.4; 95% CI= 0.09 to 2.68; p=0.035) and higher family income (b=2.5; 95% CI= 0.44 to 4.54; p= 0.017). Maternal employment status increased with higher maternal education level (b= 2.45; 95% CI= 1.63 to 3.26; p <0.001).Conclusion: Utilization of ANC directly increases with better family welfare. Utilization of basic immunization increases with higher maternal education. Place of birth delivery at formal health facility increases with living in urban area, maternal employment, and regular ANC.Keyword: social economics factors, ANC, place of birth delivery, basic immunization, mother, children Correspondence: Yunita Kristiani. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A Surakarta, 57126, Central Java. Email: y.ithakristiani@gmail.com. Mobile: 085393313553.Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2017), 2(4): 371-384https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2017.02.04.08
Factors Affecting the Occurrence of Mental Disability in Ponorogo District, East Java Purwiyanti, Risye Endri; Soemanto, RB.; Dewi, Yulia Lanti Retno
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 2, No 3 (2017)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Children with mental disability show below average intellectual abilities and social behavior adaptability. Living with a disabled child can have profound effects on the entire family–parents, siblings, and extended family members. Meeting the needs of children with disabilities can be challenging for schools and families. However, effective support for children’s mental health and wellbeing involves efforts to meet the social, emotional and learning needs of all children. This study aimed to investigate factors affecting the occurrence of mental disability in children aged 6 to 15 years old.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study using case control design. The study was conducted in Ponorogo District, East Java, from March to April 2017. A sample of 150 children aged 6 to 15 years old, consisting of 50 children with mental disability and 100 children without mental disability, were selected for this study by fixed disease sampling. The exogenous variables were prematurity, maternal age during pregnancy, maternal stress during pregnancy, hereditary history, family income, parental education, and environmental exposure. The endogenous variables were maternal nutritional status, low birthweight, and mental disability. The data were collected by a questionnaire, and analyzed by path analysis.Results: Mental disability was directly affected by maternal age (b= 2.52, 95% CI = 1.23 to 3.81, p<0.001), low birthweight (b= 2.32, 95% CI = 1.11 to 3.54, p<0.001), hereditary history (b= 2.54, 95% CI = 1.34 to 3.74, p<0.001). Mental disability was indirectly affected by maternal nutritional status, maternal stress, maternal education, family income, and environmental exposure.Conclusion: Maternal age, low birthweight, and hereditary history, directly affect mental disability. Maternal nutritional status, maternal stress, maternal education, family income, and environmental exposure, indirectly affect mental disability.Keywords: mental disability, children aged 6 to 15 years oldCorrespondence: Risye Endri Purwiyanti. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: risye310390@gmail.com. Mobile: 085736575029.Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2017), 2(3): 257-269https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2017.02.03.07

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