Claim Missing Document
Check
Articles

Biopsychosocial and Economic Determinants of Low Birth Weight in Jambi, South Sumatera: Path Analysis Trisnawati, Iga; Salimo, Harsono; Murti, Bhisma
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 3, No 1 (2018)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (533.28 KB)

Abstract

Background: Low birth weight (LBW) is one of the main risk factors of neonatal mortality and morbidity. It is an important public health issue particularly in developing countries. Worldwide, LBW shares around 15-20% of birth outcome. In Indonesia, LBW shares about 10.2% of birth outcome. In theory, the risk factors of LBW include not only biological aspect but also psychosocial and economic aspects. This study sought to estimate the biopsychosocial and economic determinants of LBW in Jambi, South Sumatera, using path analysis approach.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with case-control design. The study was carried out at 20 community health centers in Jambi, South Sumatera, from December 2017 to January 2018. A total sample of 200 newborn infants consisting of 50 LBW and 150 normal birth weight newborn infants were selected for this study by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was birth weight. The independent variables were gestational age, infant sex, maternal mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), maternal gestational stress, maternal education, family income at gestational period, and sanitation. Data on birth weight and MUAC were taken from obstetric record. The other data were collected by questionnaire. The data were analyzed by path analysis.Results: The risk of LBW directly decreased with gestational age ≥37 weeks (b= -5.06; 95% CI= -6.49 to -3.62; p<0.001), male sex (b= -0.99; 95% CI= -2.12 to -0.12; p= 0.081), low maternal stress (b= -2.35; 95% CI= 14.01 to -0.70; p= 0.005), and good sanitation (b= -1.04; 95% CI= -2.13 to -0.05; p= 0.062). Gestational age increased with family income (b= 1.74; 95% CI= 0.96 to 2.52; p<0.001). Low maternal stress was positively affected by high family income (b= 1.34; 95% CI= 0.197 to 2.50; p= 0.022). Good sanitation was positively affected by high family income (b= 0.71; 95% CI= 0.01 to 1.41; p= 0.046). High family income was positively affected by high education level (b= 1.37; 95% CI= 0.57 to 2.18; p= 0.001)Conclusion: The risk of LBW directly decreases with gestational age ≥37 weeks, male sex, low maternal stress, and good sanitation. LBW is indirectly affected by maternal education and family income.Keywords: biopsychosocial, economic, determinant, LBWCorrespondence: Iga Trisnawati. Masters Program in Public Health, Uiversitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: trisnawatiiga27@gmail.com. Mobile: +6282377277992Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2018), 3(1): 385-394https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2017.03.01.01 
Biopsychosocial Determinants of Stunting in Children Under Five: A Path Analysis Evidence from the Border Area West Kalimantan Indriyani, Eny; Dewi, Yulia Lanti Retno; Salimo, Harsono
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 3, No 2 (2018)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (524.324 KB)

Abstract

Background: Stunting is a form of nutritional deficiency associated with delayed of children growth and development. Stunting is a lack of linear development due to long-term malnutrition. This study aimed to examine factors associated with stunting in children under-five in West Kalimantan, Indonesia.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with a case-control design. The study was conducted in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. A sample of 200 children under five consisting of 100 stunting children and 100 normal children was selected for this study by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was stunting. The independent variables were birth length, maternal education, family income, maternal nutritional intake, maternal middle-upper arm circumference (MUAC), child nutritional intake, and the number of children. The data were collected by questionnaire. The data were analyzed by path analysis.Results: The risk of stunting directly increased with child nutritional intake less than recommended nutritional allowance (b= 1.61; 95% CI= 0.86 to 2.36; p<0.001), birth length <48 cm (b= 2.13; 95% CI= 0.95 to 3.31; p<0.001), and low current maternal education (b= 1.96; 95% CI= 1.21 to 2.72; p<0.001). The risk of stunting was indirectly and significantly influenced by family income during gestation, the number of children, maternal height, maternal MUAC, family support, maternal education during gestation, and maternal nutrient intake during gestation.Conclusion: The risk of stunting directly increases with child nutritional intakes than recommended nutritional allowance, birth length <48 cm, and low current maternal education. The risk of stunting is indirectly and significantly influenced by family income during gestation, the number of children, maternal height, maternal MUAC, family support, maternal education during gestation, and maternal nutrient intake during gestation.Keywords: stunting, biopsikososial factors, gestationCorrespondence: Eny Indriyani. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta, Central Java. Email: zubair.alhafizh@yahoo.com. Mobile:+6282158338438.Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2018), 3(2): 146-155https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2018.03.02.07
Factors Associated with the Risk of Autism in Children Under Five Years of Age: A Path Analysis Evidence from Banten Astuti, Fitriyani Dwi; Salimo, Harsono; Pamungkasari, Eti Poncorini
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 3, No 4 (2018)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (450.592 KB)

Abstract

Background: Autism, now increasingly referred to as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a set of clinical phenotypes mirroring an early-onset neurodevelopmental disorder affecting social communication, imagination, and behavior. Children with ASD develop differently from other children. They also have challenges in interacting and communicating with others. These challenges can affect their development and learning. This study aimed to determine factors associated with the risk of autism in children under five.Subjects and Method: This was a case control study carried out at two special schools for children with development problem in Tangerang, Banten, from February to March 2018. A sample of 200 children aged 1-5 years was selected by fixed disease sampling, consisting of 50 children with autism and 150 normal children. The dependent variable was autism. The independent variables were family income, maternal education, maternal age, gestational stress, chemical exposure, nutritional intake, fever at pregnancy, growth and development impairment, and mumps-measles-rubella (MMR) vaccine. Data on immunization status, growth and development were taken from medical record. Data on the other variables were collected by questionnaire.The data were analyzed by path analysis.Results: The risk of autism increased with chemical exposure (b= 2.86; 95%CI= 0.77 to 4.96; p= 0.007), gestational stress (b= 2.45; 95% CI= 0.60 to 4.30; p= 0.010), growth and development impairment (b= 1.69; 95% CI= -0.24 to 3.61; p= 0.086), and maternal age ?35 years (b= 2.82; 95% CI= 0.73 to 4.92; p= 0.008). Autism decreased with good nutritional intake (b= -2.08; 95%CI= -3.88 to -0.28; p= 0.023). The risk of autism was indirectly affected by fever at pregnancy, chemical exposure, family income, and maternal education. MMR vaccine did not affect the incidence of autism (b= 1.12; 95% CI= -2.11 to 4.36; p= 0.500).Conclusion: The risk of autism increases with chemical exposure, gestational stress, growth and development impairment, maternal age ?35 years, and decreases with good nutritional intake. MMR vaccine does not affect the incidence of autism in children.Keywords: autism, chemical exposure, growth and development impairment, MMR vaccine, children under fiveCorrespondence:Fitriyani Dwi Astuti. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: fitriyani.dwi.astuti@gmail.com. Mobile: +6281316730755.Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2018), 3(4): 278-286https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2018.03.04.05
Prevalence and Path Analysis on the Effects of Diarrhea and Life Course Determinants on Stunting in Children Under Two Years of Age in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara Ilma, Nabilah Nurul; Salimo, Harsono; Pamungkasari, Eti Poncorini
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 4, No 4 (2019)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (524.087 KB)

Abstract

Background: The interaction between infections and malnutrition has been recognized as a vicious cycle. Repeated diarrhoeal illnesses as well as other common childhood infections progressively altered the normal growth trajectories of children. This study aimed to analyze the effects of diarrhea and lifelong determinants on the incidence of stunting in children under two years in Kupang.Subjects and Method: This was a case-control study conducted in 25 integrated health posts in Alak and Oebobo Subdistricts, in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara, from November December 2018. A sample of 200 children under two years was selected by multi-stage random sampling. The dependent variable was stunting. The independent variables were diarrhea, birth length, parental income, maternal education, exclusive breastfeeding, maternal height, maternal mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), complementary feeding, maternal hygiene practice, and sanitation. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis.Results: Stunting prevalence in Kupang was 30.5%. The risk of stunting was directly decreased by appropriate complementary feeding (b= -1.97; 95% CI= -3.55 to -0.39; p= 0.014), good hygiene practice (b= -4.38; 95% CI= - 6.63 to -2.12; p<0.001), good sanitation (b= -2.32; 95% CI= -4.00 to -0.64; p= 0.007), and birth length ≥48 cm (b= -2.22; 95% CI= -3.74 to -0.69; p= 0.004). The risk of stunting was directly increased by diarrhea (b= 2.55; 95% CI= 1.01 to 4.09; p= 0.001). It was indirectly affected by parental income, maternal education, exclusive breastfeeding, maternal height, and maternal MUAC at pregnancy.Conclusion: The risk of stunting is directly decreased by appropriate complementary feeding, good hygiene practice, good sanitation, and birth length ≥48 cm. The risk of stunting is directly increased by diarrhea. It is indirectly affected by parental income, maternal education, exclusive breastfeeding, maternal height, and maternal MUAC at pregnancy.Keywords: stunting, determinants, prevalence, diarrheaCorrespondence: Nabilah Nurul Ilma. Masters Program in Public Health. Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: nabilahnurul86@gmail.com. Mobile: +6287838555468.Journal of Maternal and Child Health, 2019, 4(4): 230-241https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2019.04.04.02
The Effect of Biological, Social, Economic, and Nutritional Factors on Low Birth Weight: A New Path Analysis Evidence from Madiun Hospital, East Java, Indonesia MS, Novi Paramitasari; Salimo, Harsono; Murti, Bhisma
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 3, No 3 (2018)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (441.051 KB)

Abstract

Background: Low birth weight (LBW) remains a major cause of death and illness in infants. This study aimed to analyze the effects of biological, social, economic, and nutritional factors on LBW at Madiun General Hospital, East Java.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with a case-control design. The study was conducted at Madiun General Hospital, East Java, from January to December 2017. A sample of 200 newborn babies were selected for this study using fixed disease sampling, consisting of 50 babies with low birth weight and 150 control infants with normal birth weight. The dependent variable was birth weight. The independent variables were maternal age, education, parity, maternal nutritional status, maternal employment, family income, anemia, and birth space. Clinical data were taken from medical record. The data of other variables were collected by questionnaire. Path analysis was employed for data analysis.Results: The risk of LBW increased with anemia (b= 1.09; CI 95%= 0.27 to 1.91; p= 0.009), multiparity (b= 1.73; CI 95%= 0.28 to 2.06; p= 0.010), and age <2o or >35 years (b= 1.41; CI 95%= 0.24 to 2.57; p= 0.018). The risk of LBW decreased with good maternal nutritional status (b= -1.49; CI 95%= -2.32 to -0.65; p< 0,001), maternal education ?high school (b= -1.05; CI 95%= -1.88 to -0.21; p= 0.014), and wide birth space (b= -1.06; CI 95%= -2.24 to 0.11 p= 0.076). Maternal employment and family income had indirect effect on the risk of LBW.Conclusion: The risk of LBW is affected by anemia, parity, maternal age <20 years and ?35 years, poor maternal nutritional status, low maternal education, and narrow birth space.Keywords: low birth weight, biological factor, social factor, economic factorCorrespondence:Novi Paramitasari MS, Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami No. 36 A, 57126, Surakarta, Central Java. Email: noviparamitasarims27@gmail.comJournal of Maternal and Child Health (2018), 3(3): 166-175https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2018.03.03.01
Path Analysis on the Biological and Social Economic Determinants of Neonatal Death in Bantul District, Yogyakarta Listiani, Funik Rahma Mei; Salimo, Harsono; Murti, Bhisma
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 3, No 2 (2018)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (488.258 KB)

Abstract

Background: Nearly four million or two-thirds of the newborns (first week of life) die each year worldwide. In Indo­nesia, neonatal mortality contri­butes to 59% infant mortality. Factors associated with infant death have been reported to be biological and social economic. This study aimed to examine the biological and social-economic determinants of neonatal death in Bantul District, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with a case-control design. Population in this study was all neonates in Panembahan Senopati Hospital who were born from January 2017 to January 2018. A total sample of 200 neonates was selected for this study by fixed disease sampling, consisting of 50 dead and 150 alive neonates. The dependent variable was neonatal death. The independent variables were low birth-weight, asphyxia, prematurity, pregnancy infection, maternal age, maternal education, maternal employment status, and family income. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis.Results: Risk of neonatal death directly increased with asphyxia (b=3.65; 95% CI= 1.77 to 5.52; p<0.001), prematurity (b=2.78; 95% CI= 1.64 to 3.92; p<0.001), and pregnancy infection (b=3.04; 95% CI= 1.82 to 4.26; p<0.001). Risk of neonatal death was indirectly associated with maternal aged 20-35 years, family income, maternal education, and maternal work outside the house.Conclusion: The risk of neonatal death directly increases with asphyxia, prematurity, low birth weight, infection. Risk of neonatal death is indirectly associated with maternal aged 20-35 years, family income, maternal education, and maternal work outside the house.Keywords: neonatal death, risk factors, biological factor, the social and economic factorCorrespondence:Funik Rahma Mei Listiani, Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta, Central Java 57126. Email: funikrahmameilistiani@gmail.com. Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2018), 3(2): 91-99https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2018.03.02.01
Path Analysis on the Biopsychosocial Determinants of Quality of Life among Children with Cerebral Palsy Ramadhani, Alinda Nur; Adriani, Rita Benya; Salimo, Harsono
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 3, No 4 (2018)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (454.609 KB)

Abstract

Background: Cerebral palsy(CP) is group of disorders characterized by long-term disabilities that affect thequality of life(QoL) of both patients and those caring for them. This study aimed to examine biopsychosocial determinants of quality of life among children with cerebral palsy, using path analysis model.Subjects and Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Fondation for the Care of Disable Children (YPAC) and Pediatric Neurodevelopmental Therapy Center, Surakarta, Central Java, from April to May 2018. A sample of 110 children with cerebral palsy was selected for this study by simple random sampling. The dependent variable was quality of life. The independent variables were gross motoric skill, parental stress, family support, and social support. Data on quality of life was measured by Cerebral Palsy Quality of Life (CP-QOL) questionnaire. The other data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis.Results: Quality of life of children with cerebral palsy increased with better gross motor (b= 2.79; 95% CI= 1.54 to 4.03; p<0.001), strong family support (b=1.25; 95% CI= 0.26 to 2.24; p= 0.013), and strong social support (b= 0.99; 95% CI= 0.014 to 1.97; p= 0.047). Quality of life of children with cerebral palsy indirectly decreased with high parental stress (b= -1.55; 95% CI= -2.38 to -0.72; p<0.001).Conclusion: Quality of life of children with cerebral palsy increases with better gross motor, strong family support, and strong social support, but indirectly decreases with high parental stress.Keywords: cerebral palsy, quality of life, gross motor, family support, parental stress, childrenCorrespondence:Alinda Nur Ramadhani. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: aramadhani95@gmail.comJournal of Maternal and Child Health (2018), 3(4): 301-307<br/p>https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2018.03.04.08
Biopsychosocial Factors Associated with Preterm Birth at Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta, Central Java Bachtiar, Harrys; Budihastuti, Uki Retno; Salimo, Harsono
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 3, No 2 (2018)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (503.062 KB)

Abstract

Background: Preterm birth has been defined asgestational age of birth between 28 and 37 weeks. Prematurity is a major public health issue as studies have shown it increases the risk of mortality and morbidity of the newborns. The purpose of this study was to examine biopsychosocial factors associated with preterm birth.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational with a case control design. The study was carried out at Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta, Central Java, from April to May 2018. A total sample of 200 of the newborn infants was selected for this study by fixed disease sampling, composing of 100 preterm newborns and 100 term newborns. The dependent variable was prematurity. The independent variables were maternal age, nutritional status, parity, ambient smoke exposure, maternal education, family income, and family support. The data on prematurity was obtained from medical record. The other variables were measured by a set of questionnaire. The data were analyzed by path analysis.Results: Preterm birth was positively associated with maternal age <20 or ?35 years (b= 1.58; CI 95%= 0.65 to 2.50; p<0.001), ambient smoke exposure (b= 1.42; CI 95%= 0.41 to 2.44; p=0.006), and parity (b= 1.77; CI 95%= 0.87 to 2.67; p<0.001). Preterm birth was negatively associated with good maternal nutritional status (b= 2.00; CI 95%= 2.92 to 1.08; p<0.001). Good maternal nutritional status was positively associated with strong family support (b= 0.93; CI 95%= 0.24 to 1.61; p=0.008), high family income (b= 2.26; CI 95%= 1.57 to 2.95; p<0.001), and high maternal education (b= 2.45; CI 95%= 1.76 to 3.17; p<0.001).Conclusion: Preterm birth is positively associated with maternal age <20 or ?35 years, ambient smoke exposure, and parity, but negatively associated with good maternal nutritional status.Keywords: preterm birth, biopsychosocial factors, path analysisCorrespondence:Harrys Bachtiar. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Jl. Ir. Sutami No. 36 A, 57126, Surakarta, Central Java. Email: harrysbachtiar@gmail.com. Mobile: +6285257311700.Journal of maternal and child health (2018), 3(2): 138-145https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2018.03.02.06
Health Belief Model on the Choice of Medical Doctor among Mothers of Children with Diarrhea Irnawati, Prita Yuliana; Salimo, Harsono; Dewi, Yulia Lanti Retno
Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior Vol 3, No 2 (2018)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (465.306 KB)

Abstract

Background:Diseases among young children are the major causes of morbidity and mortality particularly in the developing countries. An estimated 13 million infants and children die annually in developing countries. In most developing countries, the health of the children is strongly dependant on maternal healthcare behavior. Evidence on health seeking behavior has been lacking in Central Java, Indonesia, particularly mothers choice to visit pediatrician rather than general practitioner for her ill child. The purpose of this study was to examine factors associated with the choice of medical doctor among mothers of children with diarrhea, using Health Belief Model.Subjects and Method:A case control study was carried out at Sangkrah community health center, Surakarta, Central Java, in January 2017. A sample of 164 mothers was selected by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was mothers choice to visit doctor. The independent variables were perceived susceptibility, seriousness, threat, benefit, and barrier. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis.Results:The chance of mother decided to visit pediatrician rather than general practitioner was directly increased with strong perceived threat (b= 0.91; 95% CI= 0.24 to -1.57; p= 0.008), strong perceived benefit (b= 0.85; 95% CI= 0.19 to 1.50; p= 0.012), and decreased with strong perceived barrier (b= -0.67; 95% CI= -1.36 to 0.01; p= 0.053). Mothers choice to visit pediatrician was indirectly affected by perceived susceptibility and perceived seriousness.Conclusion:Mothers choice to visit pediatrician rather than general practitioner is directly increased with perceived threat, perceived benefit, and decreased with perceived barrier. Mothers choice to visit pediatrician is indirectly affected by perceived susceptibility and perceived seriousness.Keywords:mothers choice, pediatrician, general practitioner, diarrhea, health believe model, childrenCorrespondence:Prita Yuliana Irnawati. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami No. 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: pritayuliana@gmail.com. Mobile: +6287835140534.Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior (2018), 3(2): 100-108https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2018.03.02.03
Multilevel Analysis on the Determinants of Overweight and Obesity among Primary School Students in Boyolali, Central Java Wijayanti, Dwi; Salimo, Harsono; Dewi, Yulia Lanti Retno
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 4, No 5 (2019)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (567.13 KB)

Abstract

Background: Fat and obesity are serious problems in children because they will continue into adulthood. Diarrhea occurs in groups of children under five years old (toddlers). According to the 2013 risk assessment, in Boyolali District the prevalence of obesity in children was 11.6% consisted of 7.5% fat and 4.1% obese. This study aimed to examine the determinants of overweight and obesity among primary school students in Boyolali, Central Java.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with a case-control design. The study was conducted at 25 elementary schools in Ngemplak sub-district, Boyolali, Central Java, from April 2017 to June 2018. A sample of 200 students was selected by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was fat and obese nutritional status. Independent variables were family income, pocket money, paternal BMI, maternal BMI, nutritional intake, and physical activity. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by a multilevel linear regression.Results: Family income (b= 1.65; 95% CI= 8.28 to 2.48; p<0.001), pocket money (b = 0.001; 95% CI 0.01 to 0.01; p<0.001), paternal BMI (b= 0.11; 95% CI = 0.06 to 0.16; p<0.001), maternal BMI (b= 0.06; 95% CI= 0.38 to 0.96; p<0.001), nutritional intake (b = 0.87; 95% CI= 0.35 to1.14; p= 0.001), and physical activity (b= -0.04; 95% CI= -0.05 to -0.06; p<0.001) increased fat and obesity in children. School had a strong contextual effect on fat and obesity among children with ICC= 14.34%.Conclusion: Family income, pocket money, paternal BMI, maternal BMI, nutritional intake, and physical activity increase fat and obesity in children. The school has a strong contextual effect on fat and obesity among children.Keywords: determinants, fat, obesity, physical activity, nutritional intake, multilevel analysisCorrespondence: Dwi Wijayanti. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami No. 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: dwijaymail@gmail.com. Mobile:+6285642214066.Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2019), 4(5): 304-311https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2019.04.05.01
Co-Authors -, Suradi Abd. Rasyid Syamsuri Adi Magna Patriadi Nuhriawangsa Alfianrisa, Anggityas Alinda Nur Ramadhani Anggraini, Yeni Anindya, Ivanda Glanny Annang Giri Moelyo Annang Giri Moelyo Argyo Demartoto, Argyo Aries - Krisbiyantoro Astuti, Fitriyani Dwi Atika, Zummatul Ayuningrum, Ika Yuli Bachtiar, Harrys Bhisma Murti Burhannudin Ichsan Catur Retno Lestari Desi Ekawati Diana Mayasari Hadianto Didik Tamtomo, Didik Dwi Hidayah Dwi Wijayanti Dyah Ratna Budiani Eko Dewi Ratna Utami Endang Dewi Lestari Endang Sutisna Sulaeman Eti Poncorini Pamungkasari Fauziyah, Rahma Galih Herlambang H.A.A. Soebijanto Hardilla, Dinda Septiani Hartanti, Ainurrizma Tri Ilma, Nabilah Nurul Ilma, Nabilah Nurul Indita, Wiwen Indriasih, Merlita Indriasih, Merlita Indriyani, Eny Inggar Ratna Kusuma Irnawati, Prita Yuliana Iskandar, Nurdin Aji Ivanda Glanny Anindya Juhrotun Nisa, Juhrotun Khalifah, Intan Noor Khalifatunisak, Alfadefi Kusumastuti, Nurry Ayuningtyas Kusumawardhani, Wahyu Kuswandari, Eti Leilani Lestarina Lestari, Nining Lilisianawati Lilisianawati Listiani, Funik Rahma Mei Maria Galuh Kamenyangan Sari Marlinawati, Iin Tri MS, Novi Paramitasari Muslimah, Putri Andini Ningsih, Nur Isniani Nugraha, Sandi Nugroho, Irfan Dzakir Nurahmawati, Dhewi Nurmayanti, Rika Palupi, Endang Poncorini, Eti Rahardjo, Setyo Sri Rita Adriani Benya Adriani Riza, Muhamad Rohaniyati, Retno Dwi Rokhayati, Rokhayati Rokhayati, Rokhayati Safriana, Latifah Saptawati Bardosono Sari, Lutfiana Puspita Sinta, Prabawati Sri Lilijanti Widjaja Sukoco, Amin Susanti, Isne Titah Pujangkara, Ajeng Ayu Trisnawati, Iga Uki Retno Budihastuti Vitri Widyaningsih yulia lanti retno dewi Yulia Lanti Retno Dewi Yulidar Hafidh