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Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering
Published by Universitas Sebelas Maret
ISSN : -     EISSN : 26223430     DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.20961/equilibrium.v4i1.42852
Core Subject : Science, Engineering,
Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Energy Engineering Materials Science & Nanotechnology
Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering (EJChE) publishes communication articles, original research articles and review articles in :. Material Development Biochemical Process Exploration and Optimization Chemical Education Chemical Reaction Kinetics and Catalysis Designing, Modeling, and Process Optimization Energy and Conversion Technology Thermodynamics Process System Engineering and products Membrane Technology Food Technology Bioprocess Technology Chemurgy Technology Waste Treatment Technology Separation and Purification Technology Natural Dyes Technology
Arjuna Subject : Teknik Kimia (semua kategori) - Kimia Proses dan Teknologi
Articles 99 Documents
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Glucomannan sponges: Effect of different amount of SLS and Sodium Hydroxide. Fadilah Fadilah; Shidiq Trianto; Tri Nova Prakoso
Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol 3, No 1 (2019): Volume 3 No 1 July 2019
Publisher : Program studi Teknik Kimia UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v3i1.42757

Abstract

Abstract.  An attempt to increase the economic value of porang flour was made by utilizing it for making of sponge. The sponge was made by direct foaming of glucomannan solution with the addition of SLS and NaOH. Dried sponge were obtained through freezing-thawing process followed by drying. The effect of amount of SLS and NaOH were investigated. It was found that increasing amount of SLS and NaOH made the cell size of the sponge smaller. While there was no tendency for swelling degree accordance to the various amount of SLS, the increasing amount of NaOH caused in increasing the swelling degree. Keywords: sponge, glucomannan, sodium laureth sulphate (SLS), sponge cell size, swelling degree.
Bio Briket Cangkang aleurites moluccana Melalui Gelombang Elektromagnetik dengan Varian Daya dan Durasi Waktu Karbonisasi Rini Kartika Dewi; Mohammad Istnaeny Hudha; Ferry Darmawan; Dendy Wono Prasetyo
Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol 4, No 2 (2020): Volume 4 No 2 December 2020
Publisher : Program studi Teknik Kimia UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v4i2.47912

Abstract

Abstrak. Biobriket adalah sumber energi yang berasal dari biomassa dan dapat digunakan  sebagai bahan bakar padat pengganti  minyak bumi dan energi lain yang berasal dari fosil.  Biobriket merupakan salah satu solusi altenatif yang cukup efektif dan efisien dalam menghadapi krisis sumber energi, salah satu diantaranya adalah dengan mengoptimalkan cangkang kemiri sebagai biobriket.  Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh gelombang elektromagnetik microwave terhadap kualitas  biobriket cangkang kemiri  melalui  varian daya dan durasi waktu karbonisasi. Dari hasil Analisa menunjukkan adanya pengaruh daya dan durasi waktu karbonisasi terhadap karakteristik dari  biobriket cangkang kemiri. Dari analisa didapatkan  hasil sebagai berikut : kandungan kadar air sebesar 6.43 %, kadar abu : 7.48 %,  Total Karbon yang didapatkan : 42.53 %, Volatile  matter : 41.91 % dan nilai kalor dari biobriket  adalah : 5706,24816 kal/gramAbstract. Bio briquette is a source of energy derived from biomass and can be used as a solid fuel instead of petroleum and other energy derived from fossils.  Bio briquettes are one of the alternative solutions that are quite effective and efficient in dealing with the crisis of energy sources, one of which is by optimizing the pecan shell or shell of Aleurites moluccana as a bio briquette.  Pecan shell is a waste that is very abundant in Indonesia and can be used as a solid fuel that is environmentally friendly and has a high calorific value. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of microwave electromagnetic waves on the bio briquette quality of pecan shells through power variants and the duration of carbonization time. The stages are pecan shell cleaning, carbonization process with microwave electromagnetic waves at predetermined power and duration of time (0.5, 1, 1.5 and, 2 hours), the process of crushing into charcoal with disk mill equipment, mixing with adhesive material with a ratio between the mass of charcoal and adhesive material 80:20 (b/b), bio briquette printing and the last stage is drying with sunlight for 2 days. From the analysis obtained the most optimum results are at 440 watts of power for 1 hour with the following results: water content of 7.30%, ash content: 7.48%, Carbon Bound obtained: 73.31%, Volatile matter: 30.23% and, the calorific value of bio briquette is: 5706.24816 cal/gramKeywords: bio briquette, pecan shell, electromagnetic wave, carbonization, microwave
Synthesis of Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) from Banana Tree Stem: Influence of Ratio of Cellulose with Sodium Chloroacetate To Properties of Carboxymethyl Cellulose Hendrik Aditya Mulyatno; Odisaputra Ihsan Pratama; Inayati Inayati
Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol 1, No 2 (2017): Volume 1 No 2 July 2017
Publisher : Program studi Teknik Kimia UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v1i2.40419

Abstract

Banana tree stem contain of 63-64% cellulose that can be processed into more valuable product. In this research, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) from banana tree stem was  prepared  through  alkalization  and  carboxymethylation process.  The  aim  of  this research was to investigate the effect of cellulose to sodium chloroacetate 1:1 and 1:2 to the properties of CMC. Samples were analyzed their NaCl content, purity of CMC, and degree of substitution. The result showed that sample with ratio 1: 2 between cellulose with sodium chloroacetate resulted greater NaCl content, lower purity of CMC, and greater degree of substitution.
Application of Biogas Production Technology from Various Feedstocks on Small-Medium-Micro Enterprises: A Case Study Ari Diana Susanti; Cornelius Satria Yudha; Leader Firstandika; Paryanto Paryanto; Wusana Agung Wibowo
Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol 2, No 2 (2018): Volume 2 No 2 July 2018
Publisher : Program studi Teknik Kimia UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v2i2.40433

Abstract

Biogas production process is an alternative method to reduce dependency on non-renewable fossil-based energy consumption and also can reduce greenhouse gases production both domestically and industrially. The existing biogas technology is suitable to be adapted in small-micro-medium enterprises and domestics, specifically for those who raise cattle. The case study was performed by observation of biogas production with various wastes as feed, namely cow dung, quail manure, and wastewater of tofu production. The study conducted via direct interviews with stake holders and visitations to the instalations. Based on our observation, biogas production from cow dung exhibits the shortest retention time compared to the others, aside from the value of C/N ratio of the biogas feedstocks. The presence of biogas production installations are significantly reducing the energy supplies among the users. Beside as biogas product, the instalations also produce solid and liquid fertilizers as by-products and have relatively high economic value. Socio – engineering problems based on the application of biodigester are also studied.
Fabrication of Bioplastic from Rice Straw Inayati Inayati; Abdulloh Abdulloh; Zanuar Bagus R
Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol 4, No 1 (2020): Volume 4 No 1 July 2020
Publisher : Program studi Teknik Kimia UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v4i1.43155

Abstract

Abstract. Oil based plastics have been proven as severe pollutants for the environments as they required years to be degraded. Thus, bioplastics are very attractive as the solution of this problem as they easier to be degraded in soil. This work was aimed to fabricate bioplastics from rice straw, with addition of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and glycerol. Prior to the bioplastic fabrication, cellulose was extracted from rice straw through digestion process using ethanol solution (50% w/w) and sodium hydroxide solution (8% w/w) as catalyst. Digestion process was held for 60 minutes at temperature of 120 oC. Bioplastics were produced by blending dried pulp, carboxymethyl cellulose, and glycerol. Five grams of dried cellulose was dissolved in 100 ml of water. The amount of CMC and glycerol added to the pulp solution were varied from 1 ml to 2 ml and 0.5 to 1.5 grams, respectively. Swelling test (both in water and oil) and biodegradability test were conducted to study the performance of the bioplastics. Results showed that bioplactic dissolved easily in water. During oil swelling test, it showed that higher glycerol content increases the oil proof characteristic of the bioplastic. Meanwhile, the CMC content has no impact during the oil swelling test. The best composition of the bioplastic was achieved with the CMC and glycerol contents of 1.382% (w/w) and 1,843% (w/w), respectively, with the lowest oil swelling test result of 55%. Biodegradability of the bioplactics were lower in higher CMC and glycerol contents. The best composition with maximum weight reduction of the bioplastics was achieved by the bioplastic with 0.469% (w/w) of CMC content and 0.939% (w/w) of glycerol.Keywords: Bioplastic, Rice Straw, CMC, Glycerol, Swelling, Biodegradability
Penentuan Kondisi Optimum Adsorpsi Kromium (III) Menggunakan Biosorben dari Limbah Kulit Nangka (Artocapus heterophyllus) Karina Ardiani; Arifah Nur Raya; Inayati Inayati
Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol 1, No 1 (2017): Volume 1 No 1 January 2017
Publisher : Program studi Teknik Kimia UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v1i1.40067

Abstract

The purposes of the research are determine the optimum condition and themaximum adsorpstion of Cr (III) by biosorben from jackfruit peel. The process of theadsorption was started by to put 0.03 grams jackfruit peel adsorben to Cr(NO3)3 solution2.5 ppm. The variables of the research are activation time, contact time between theadsorben and the solution, and pH of the solution. The sample was analyzed byAbsorption Spectrophotometre (AAS) to show the Cr (III) concentration on the solutions.The optimum condition was reached at 5 pH level with 50 minute of contact times and 24hours activation time. The analysis results that the adsorption follows Langmuir Isotermshowed by the determinant value (R2). The maximum power adsorption is 1.227 mg/gramadsorben
Review: Hidrolisis Lignoselulosa dari Agricultural Waste Sebagai Optimasi Produksi Fermentable Sugar Sutini Sutini; Yohanita Restu Widihastuty; Aida Nur Ramadhani
Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol 3, No 2 (2019): Volume 3 No 2 December 2019
Publisher : Program studi Teknik Kimia UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v3i2.42788

Abstract

Abstrak. Agricultural waste adalah limbah yang dihasilkan dari sektor pertanian, seperti limbah jerami, ampas tebu, dan pelepah sawit. Limbah pertanian tersebut mengandung lignoselulosa. Lignoselulosa adalah komponen yang terdiri atas selulosa, hemiselulosa, dan lignin. Adanya kandungan selulosa dapat dimanfaatkan menjadi berbagai produk, namun kandungan lignin dan hemiselulosa dapat menghambat proses hidrolisis lignoselulosa. Selulosa memiliki banyak kegunaan seperti bahan baku propelan atau bahan peledak, serta turunan dari alfa-selulosa dapat diproses menjadi produksi bioetanol, asam glutamat, biosolvent alkohol, dll. Metode hidrolisis lignoselulosa sangat mempengaruhi kadar fermentable sugar yang dihasilkan. Upaya penelitian telah dilakukan untuk meningkatkan hidrolisis lignoselulosa. Pretreatment bahan untuk menghilangkan lignin dan hemiselulosa serta optimasi enzim xilanase dan selulase secara signifikan meningkatkan kemampuan hidrolisis lignoselulosa. Sakarifikasi dan hidrolisis simultan efektif meningkatkan hasil dan laju hidrolisis lignoselulosa. Sehingga perlu pendekatan lebih lanjut untuk mengetahui efektifitas berbagai metode yang digunakan dalam melakukan optimasi pemecahan rantai lignoselulosa. Fokus pada review paper ini adalah metode yang dapat digunakan dalam hidrolisis lignoselulosa agricultural waste sebagai optimasi produksi fermentable sugar, diantaranya: metode pretreatment, delignifikasi, hidrolisis dan sakarifikasi. Selanjutnya dilakukan pengolahan lanjut dari fermentable sugar. Abstract. Agricultural waste are produced from the agricultural sector, such as straw waste, bagasse, and palm fronds. Agricultural waste contains lignocellulose. Lignocellulose is a component consisting of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The content of cellulose can be used in various products, but the content of lignin and hemicellulose can inhibit the hydrolysis of lignocellulose. Cellulose has many uses such as propellant or explosive raw materials, and derivatives of alpha-cellulose can be processed into the production of bioethanol, glutamic acid, and biosolvent alcohol. The lignocellulose hydrolysis method greatly affects the levels of fermentable sugar produced. Research have been made to increase the hydrolysis of lignocellulose. In this paper, several methods can be used to increase the yield of fermentable sugar through the hydrolysis of lignocellulose, including pretreatment, delignification, hydrolysis, and saccharification methods. Pretreatment using 2% alkaline, thermal delignification, hydrolysis using xylanase and cellulase enzymes together can significantly increase the ability of lignocellulose hydrolysis to obtain optimal fermentable sugar yield. Simultaneous saccharification and hydrolysis are effective in increasing yield and product formation rate. Keywords: Agricultural Waste, Lignocellulose, Cellulose, Pretreatment, Delignification, Saccharification, Hydrolysis, Xylanase, Cellulase, Fermentable Sugar
Chromium Metal Biosorption Using Peanut Shell Adsorbent Siti Annida; Inayati Inayati; Fera Setiawati
Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol 2, No 1 (2018): Volume 2 No 1 January 2018
Publisher : Program studi Teknik Kimia UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v2i1.40428

Abstract

One of the negative effects of the industrial growth is the presence of hazardous waste such as heavy metals. Chromium (VI) is a heavy metal which acts as the pollutant for  the  environment. Chromium concentration in  water  can  be  reduced using some methods. Adsorption is the most favorite method. Some of the biomass can be processed into adsorbent. This work was aimed to produce biosorbent from peanuts shell. The adsorbent was then used to adsorb chromium contented in water. Sodium hydroxide solution 0.5 M was used to activate peanut shell. Produced biosorbent was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The results showed that optimum condition for chromium adsorption was achieved at 30 minutes contact time with maximum adsorbed chromium of 0.022 mg/g adsorbent. The adsorption mechanism was in a good agreement with Langmuir isotherm.
Pretreatment Ethanol From Cellulosic Endah Retno Dyartanti; Margono Margono; Ike Puji Lestari; Muhamad Iqbal Putra; Ulfa Intan Pratiwi
Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol 3, No 1 (2019): Volume 3 No 1 July 2019
Publisher : Program studi Teknik Kimia UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v3i1.43883

Abstract

Abstract. Pre-treatment is an important tool for practical cellulose conversion processes and can be carried out in different ways such as mechanical pre-treatment, steam explosion, ammonia fiber explosion, supercritical CO2 treatment, alkali or acid pretreatment, ozone pre-treatment, physicochemical pretreatment, dilute-acid pretreatment and biological pre-treatment. Biomass pretreatment with hot water (HW) is the most investigated physicochemical method use the differences in the thermal stabilities of the major components of lignocellulosic materials. Acid pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass aims at increasing the sugar substrate digestibility, defined as the concentration of reducing sugars after the hydrolysis, by microorganisms. Acid hydrolysis is an attractive pretreatment method as the hemicellulose degradation runs with the efficiency of approximately 20-90%, depending on the process conditions. Dilute acid (DA) processes with continued research and development, no significant breakthroughs have been made to raise the glucose yields much higher than 65-70%. Acid pretreatment is much more effective than water and alkaline pretreatment in terms of cellulose accessibility increase compared with DA and HW pretreatment. Keywords: ethanol, cellulosic, pre-treatment
Isolasi Gelatin dari Limbah Tulang Ikan Nila (Oreochromis Niloticus): Pengaruh Suhu dan Waktu Ekstraksi Putra Capriyanda; Muhammad Mujiburohman
Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol 4, No 2 (2020): Volume 4 No 2 December 2020
Publisher : Program studi Teknik Kimia UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v4i2.47910

Abstract

Abstrak. Gelatin adalah sejenis derivate protein dari serat kolagen yang dapat diekstraksi dari tulang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui mengetahui pengaruh suhu dan waktu ekstraksi terhadap hasil ekstraksi isolasi gelatin dari tulang ikan nila. Tahapan isolasi gelatin meliputi degreasing menggunakan air, demineralisasi dengan rasio bubuk tulang ikan nila dan aquades 1:10 (b/v), serta ekstraksi. Ekstraksi menggunakan pelarut aquades dengan rasio ossein dan aquades 1:10 (b/v). Suhu ekstraksi divariasi 50oC, 60oC, dan 85oC, dengan lama waktu 1 jam, 3 jam, dan 5 jam. Gelatin terbanyak diperoleh pada suhu 60oC dengan waktu 1 jam sebesar 0,86 gram (rendemen 9,55%). Uji terhadap gelatin diperoleh viskositas gelatin 1,442-2,844 cp, pH gelatin 5,2-6,8, dan kadar abu sebesar 2,143-2,778%. Uji FTIR menunjukkan bahwa produk mengandung gugus fungsi amina dan karbonil pada panjang gelombang 1206,53 cm-1, 1270,18 cm-1, dan 1286,58 cm-1. Gelatin yang diperoleh memenuhi standar mutu gelatin komersial.Abstract. Gelatin is a type of protein derivate from collagen fibers that can be extracted from bone. This study aims to determine the effects of temperature and extraction time on the extract of isolated gelatin from tilapia fish bones. Gelatin isolation stages include degreasing using water, demineralization with a ratio of 1:10 (w/v) tilapia bone powder and distilled water, and extraction. The extraction used distilled water with a ratio of ossein and distilled water 1:10 (w/v). The extraction temperature was varied at 50oC, 60oC, and 85oC, for 1 hour, 3 hours, and 5 hours. The highest yield of gelatin was obtained at a temperature of 60oC in 1 hour, i.e. 0.86 g (yield of 9.55%). The test on gelatin obtained the gelatin viscosity from 1,442-2,844 cP, gelatin pH 5,2-6,8, and ash content of 2,143-2,778%. The FTIR test showed that the product contained amine and carbonyl functional groups at the wavelengths of 1206.53 cm-1, 1270.18 cm-1, and 1286.58 cm-1. The gelatin obtained meets the commercial gelatin quality standards.

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