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Indonesian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapy

JPT
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Published by Universitas Gadjah Mada

ISSN : - EISSN : 2745455X DOI : https://doi.org/10.22146/ijpther.4468

Core Subject : Science,

Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Immunology & microbiology Neuroscience

Indonesian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapy (IJPTher ) is a scientific journal which managed by Indonesian Pharmacologist Association or Ikatan Farmakologi Indonesia (IKAFI) and Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing Universitas Gadjah Mada. IJPTher is an open-access, and double-blind peer-reviewed journal published twice Issues a year. IJPTher aims to communicate high-quality articles in the fields of pharmacology. IJPTher publishes original articles, review articles, case reports and book reviews in the fields of pharmacology including basic pharmacology, clinical pharmacology, pharmacotherapy, pharmacoepidemiology, pharmacogenetics, pharmacogenomics, pharmacoeconomic, toxicology and toxicogenomics.

Arjuna Subject : Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics - Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Lain-Lain)

Articles 58 Documents

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Antimicrobial activity of Pycnarrhena cauliflora (Miers.) Diels. methanol extract Eti Nurwening Sholikhah; Maulina Diah; Mustofa; Masriani; Susi Iravati; Samekto Wibowo
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapy Vol 2 No 2 (2021)
Publisher : Indonesian Pharmacologist Association or Ikatan Farmakologi Indonesia (IKAFI) and Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing Universitas Gadjah Mada

Pycnarrhena cauliflora (Miers.) Diels., local name sengkubak, is one of indigenous plants from West Kalimantan that has been used as natural flavor. Pycnorrhena cauliflora is one of species of Menispermaceae family which is rich in bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids. This alkaloids are known to have various biological activities including antiprotozoal, antiplasmodial, antifungal and antibacterial activities. This study aimed to investigate antimicrobial activity of the P. cauliflora (Miers.) Diels. methanolic extracts against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The methanolic extract of P. cauliflora (Miers.) Diels., root, leaf and stem were prepared by maceration. The disk-diffusion method was then used to determine the antimicrobial activity of the extracts against Streptococcus pyogenes, S. mutants, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli after 18-24 h incubation at 37 oC. Amoxicillin was used as positive control for gram-positive bacteria and ciprofloxacin was used as gram-negative bacteria. The inhibition zones were then measured in mm. Analysis were conducted in duplicates. The results showed in general the methanolic extracts of P. cauliflora (Miers.) Diels. root (inhibition zone diameter= 10-23 mm) were more active than that leaf (0-15 mm) and stem (0-17 mm) extracts against gram-positive bacteria. The zone inhibition diameter of amoxicillin as positive control was 8-42 mm. In addition, the methanolic extracts of P. cauliflora (Miers.) Diels. root (12-17 mm) were also more active than that leaf (0-12 mm) and stem (0-12 mm) extracts against gram-negative bacteria. The zone inhibition diameter of ciprofloxacin as positive control was 33-36 mm. In conclusion, the methanolic extract of P. caulifloria (Miers.) Diels. root is the most extract active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Further study will be focused to isolate active compounds in the methanolic extract of the root.

The effect of Centella asiatica L. Urban. and Curcuma longa L. extracts combination in improving memory performance in stroke model rats and its acute toxicity Abdul Gofir; Mawaddah Ar Rochmah; Samekto Wibowo; Mohammad Hakimi; Mustofa
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapy Vol 2 No 2 (2021)
Publisher : Indonesian Pharmacologist Association or Ikatan Farmakologi Indonesia (IKAFI) and Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing Universitas Gadjah Mada

Post-stroke cognitive impairment involves memory, visuoconstructional, and spatial dysfunctions. Centella asiatica L. Urban. and Curcuma longa L. are both well-known herbs in South and South-East Asia countries that are believed to possess neuroprotective properties as memory enhancers. This study aimed to investigate the effects of C. asiatica L. Urban. and C. longa L. extracts combination in improving memory performance in stroke model rats and its acute toxicity. Twenty-five Wistar rats underwent transient bilateral common carotid artery occlusion. Y-maze pre-test was performed 24 h after the occlusion. The rats were then divided into five groups i.e. Group 1 received NaCMC dilution, Group 2 received donepezil 0. 7 mg/kg BW/day, and Groups 3, 4, and 5 received the extracts combination with dose of 59; 118; and 236 mg/kg BW/day, respectively. Y-maze post-test was performed 24 h after the last dose had been given. Spontaneous alternation behavior was used as the indicator of working memory measurement. The fixed-dose method according to OECD Guideline was used to estimate the LD50 in acute toxicity testing on Wistar rats. There was a significant difference in the delta spontaneous alternation percentage among groups tested (p<0. 05). Group 1 had significant difference with any other group (compared to Groups 2 to 5; p<0.05). No significant difference could be found between groups of the extracts combination and donepezil group suggesting that the effect is not more inferior nor dose-dependent in improving memory performance. The extracts combination at a single dose of 2000 mg/kg BW did not show related signs of toxicity or mortality in any of the rats during the 14-day observation period. In conclusion, the C. asiatica L. Urban. and C. longa L. extracts combination can improve performance of memory on stroke model animal. According to Globally Harmonized Classification System, the extracts combination can be classified as Category 5/unclassified.

Antiplasmodial activity of faloak bark (Sterculia quadrifida, R.Br.) extract from East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia Priska Ernestina Tenda; Maria Hilaria; Arba Pramundita Ramadani
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapy Vol 2 No 2 (2021)
Publisher : Indonesian Pharmacologist Association or Ikatan Farmakologi Indonesia (IKAFI) and Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing Universitas Gadjah Mada

The current development of antimalarial drug resistance encourages researchers to discover and develop novel antimalarials. One of its alternatives for antimalarial discovery is using medicinal plants remembering the success of artemisinin. Sterculia quardrifida R. Br. bark, locally name as faloak, is an endemic medicinal plant from East Nusa Tenggara that has been used traditionally to treat malaria. However, its antimalarial activity has not been investigated, yet. This study was aimed to evaluate the antiplasmodial activity of ethanolic extract of faloak bark against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Using FCR-3 P. falciparum strain, the ethanolic extract was evaluated on various concentration (1, 10, 50, and 100 μg/mL, respectively). The IC50 value was determined by the relationship between concentration and percentage of growth inhibition. The result showed that the percentage of inhibition of P. falciparum was concentration dependent, higher concentration resulting on higher percentage of inhibition with the IC50 42.399 ± 9.517 μg/mL. It can be concluded that the ethanolic extract of faloak bark have moderate antiplasmodial activity against P. falciparum in vitro.

The effect of red cabbage extract to serum MDA levels in rats after maximum physical activity Nadia Husna Haris; Trilaksana Nugroho; Astika Widy Utomo; Yora Nindita
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapy Vol 2 No 3 (2021)
Publisher : Indonesian Pharmacologist Association or Ikatan Farmakologi Indonesia (IKAFI) and Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing Universitas Gadjah Mada

The maximum physical activity led to generate of free radical levels in the human body called oxidative stress. Red cabbage is well known as the vegetable containing highest anthocyanin among various other head cabbage plants. Anthocyanin is an antioxidant which is proven can prevent oxidative stress through reduction of MDA levels. The study aimed to investigate the effect of red cabbage extract (RCE) on MDA levels in rat after doing maximum physical activity. It was a true experimental study with post-test only control group design. Twenty-four male albino Wistar rats were used in this study. The rats were randomly divided into four groups i.e. the rats receiving maximum physical activity without and with RCE administration at dose of 86 mg/kg BW for eight days and the rats not receiving maximum physical activity without and with RCE administration. A swim test was used for maximum physical activity intervention. Serum MDA levels were measured using TBARS method. Data were analysed using one-way Anova followed by post-hoc LSD. A p value <0.005 was considered to be significant. The results showed that the rats treated with RCE both receiving maximum physical activity or not showed significant MDA reduction compared to rats without treated RCE (p=0.011 and p=0.027, respectively). Meanwhile, there was no significant difference in serum MDA levels between rats treated with RCE receiving maximum physical activity and rats not treated with RCE and not receiving maximum physical activity (p=0.540). Supplementation of RCE can reduce serum MDA levels in rats with and without maximum physical activity. Further study to investigate effective dose of RCE is recommended.

Potential of orchid as antifungal agent resources: a scoping review Furqi Sholekhatun Sityardi; Sufi Desrini
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapy Vol 2 No 3 (2021)
Publisher : Indonesian Pharmacologist Association or Ikatan Farmakologi Indonesia (IKAFI) and Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing Universitas Gadjah Mada

In 2017, one billion people contracted fungal infection with 11.5 million people contracted life-threatening infection and 1.5 million death per year. Orchid is a plant that grows in tropical and sub-tropical countries, the same places where fungal infection occurrence is high. On previous studies reported that orchid contains alkaloids and polyphenols such as flavonoid, and phenol acid. The review aimed to identify the orchid as a potential antifungal resource. A scoping review was used. The type of articles reviewed were original articles obtained from five electronic journal databases published within 2012-2021. Three articles reported similar result which was that orchid extract has a significant antifungal activity although the part of plant used was different, ranging from the root, to the leaf. Two articles reported a specific antifungal activity against Candida albicans while the remaining one against Trichophyton rubrum. In conclusion, the root, leaf, branch, and flower extracts of orchid is potential antifungal resources.

Potential neurological applications of Centella asiatica: a brief review Abdul Gofir; Samekto Wibowo; Mohammad Hakimi
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapy Vol 2 No 3 (2021)
Publisher : Indonesian Pharmacologist Association or Ikatan Farmakologi Indonesia (IKAFI) and Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing Universitas Gadjah Mada

Centella asiatica (C. asiatica) or gotu kola has been used traditionally in many Asian countries as herbal medicines for many conditions, such as headache, asthma and memory enhancement. Centella asiatica has been also widely investigated for its neuroprotective effects in animal disease model including epilepsy, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. A brief review of neurological effects studies of C. asiatica in animal model was reported. Eligible studies published through December 2020 from PubMed and EMBASE journal data base were collected. Any keywords related to C. asiatica or gota kola AND neurological conditions were used. The results showed that several experimental studies concerning the neuroprotective properties of C. asiatica have been reported. Phytochemical studies reported that C. asiatica contained many bioactive compounds in which triterpenoids are the most identified. Furthermore, the triterpenoids have proven to have neuroprotective effect due to their effects of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, improvement of mitochondrial dysfunctions, and increased brain-derived neurotrophic factors. Further studies are needed to investigate the neuroprotective mechanisms of C. asiatica. In conclusion, C. asiatica might have potential as an alternative medicine for neurological conditions, such as stroke, epilepsy, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease.

The potential of polyphenols from natural ingredients against SARS-CoV-2 infection: A review Made Agus Hendrayana; I Made Jawi; Dewa Made Sukrama; Dewa Ngurah Suprapta
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapy Vol 2 No 3 (2021): Special Issue: COVID-19
Publisher : Indonesian Pharmacologist Association or Ikatan Farmakologi Indonesia (IKAFI) and Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing Universitas Gadjah Mada

All countries in the world are facing the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic which has resulted in various crises. To date, there is no effective treatment in controlling COVID-19. Many clinical trials of approved drugs against COVID-19 were conducted. However, the results were inconclusive, even severe adverse effects were reported. The new effective drugs are therefore urgently needed. Herbal medicines have been widely used by community to enhance the body immune system during COVID-19 pandemic. Polyphenols are large group of active compounds found in the natural ingredients. These compounds have been proven to have biological activity against various pathogen infections including viral infection. During COVID-19 pandemic, various polyphenol compounds from various medicinal plants have been investigated for their activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) both in silico and in vitro. Among the polyphenols investigated, some of them namely papyriflavonol, catechin gallate, gallocatechin gallate, luteolin, quercetin, tangeretin, naringenin, herbacetin, emodin, eriodyctiol, fenoterol, baicalin, myricetin, quercetagetin exhibited strong activity against SARS-CoV-2. The possibilities of mechanism of actions as antiSARS-CoV-2 of these polyphenols were 1) bind to the N protein causing the inhibition of viral transcription and replication; 2) inhibit the binding of S protein to ACE2 receptors preventing the entry of the virus into the host cells; 3) inhibit 3CLpro function inhibiting the viral transcription and maturation; and 4) bind directly to the ACE2 receptor. In conclusion, some polyphenol compounds from nature ingredients are potential to develop to be future antiSARS-CoV-2. However, further the pre-clinical and clinical studies are required to strengthen existing evidence.

Application of solid lipid nanoparticles preparation in infection caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria Nenes Prastiwi; Ervina; Kezia Lesbatta
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapy Vol 2 No 3 (2021)
Publisher : Indonesian Pharmacologist Association or Ikatan Farmakologi Indonesia (IKAFI) and Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing Universitas Gadjah Mada

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) is a potential alternative method for drug delivery due to its good stability, low toxicity, can be modified and controlled in drug release, as well as can be produced on a large scale. The SLNs are composed of solid lipids stabilized by emulsifiers. The lipids used for SLN are physiological lipids that easily tolerated by the body. These characteristics make SLN as a potential delivery system that can increase the efficiency of an antibiotics preparation. The development of bacterial resistance to antibacterial has become serious health problems in infectious diseases. Solid lipid nanoparticles is a compelling choice as a drug delivery system that can reduce the problem of the bacterial resistance. This review discussed the role of SLN as a drug carrier system which includes the characteristics and structure of SLN, its pharmacokinetic properties, bacterial resistance mechanism, and SLN mechanism in reducing bacterial resistance.

The potential effect of natural compounds from Indonesian spices in alleviating inflammation due to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a narrative review . Yuliana
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapy Vol 2 No 3 (2021)
Publisher : Indonesian Pharmacologist Association or Ikatan Farmakologi Indonesia (IKAFI) and Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing Universitas Gadjah Mada

COVID-19 causes increasing of inflammatory cytokines even cytokine storm in the severe condition. Enhance body immune system is one strategy against COVID-19. Spices in traditional Indonesian cuisine are believed as boost immunity. They contain active compounds such as curcumin, allicin, quercetin and capsaicin which can be used to alleviate inflammation. In this literature review, the potency of curcumin, allicin, quercetin, and capsaicin in alleviating inflammation due the COVID-19 was reported. Literatures were gathered from PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar search engines. COVID-19 causes the increase of proinflammatory cytokine levels such as TNFα and IL-6. Curcumin, allicin, quercetin, and capsaicin regulate the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. These nutritional agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) showed inhibitory effects on pro-inflammatory cytokines and promote immune cell differentiation into anti-inflammatory phenotypes. Curcumin has an anti-inflammatory effect that can prevent pneumocytes, renal cells, and cardiomyocytes damages. Allicin and quercetin can decrease TNFα and IL-6 levels due to they can increase the superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels. In conclusion, curcumin, allicin, quercetin and capsaicin can enhance body immune system due to their anti-inflammatory effect through down-regulation of the inflammatory cytokines expression. These spices could be used as adjuvant therapy to boost body immune system against COVID-19.

The comparison of colchicine and standard treatment in COVID-19 patients: A mini review Yasmeen Kwok; Dwi Aris Agung Nugrahaningsih; Woro Rukmi Pratiwi
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapy Vol 2 No 3 (2021): Special Issue: COVID-19
Publisher : Indonesian Pharmacologist Association or Ikatan Farmakologi Indonesia (IKAFI) and Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing Universitas Gadjah Mada

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic in March 2020. There are several drugs used at different stages of the disease, but none seem to be completely effective. In the absence of any known therapy, many drugs have been tested, including colchicine. Colchicine differs from these other therapies in having pleiotropic mechanism of action, being less potent on any single target, and being an oral agent. It is also a better option since colchicine is not immunosuppressive, is not known to increase risk of infection, and is inexpensive. The aim of this study was to provide evidence of the role of colchicine in improving clinical outcome and reducing death rate of COVID-19 patients through literature mini-review. A mini-review, composed of previous RCTs comparing the use of colchicine in COVID-19 with standard care or placebo under the keyword “COVID-19”, “COVID”, “coronavirus”, “SARS-CoV-2”, “coronavirus disease”, “Colchicine”, “CAS 64-86-8”, “standard treatment”, “standard care”, “standard of care”, “common treatment”, “placebo”, “clinical improvement”, and “clinical response”. The addition of colchicine to standard treatment can be beneficial in treating COVID-19. Studies included showed that colchicine has significantly improved time to clinical deterioration compared to the control group. Colchicine reduced the length of hospitalization and the need for supplemental oxygen therapy. One of the included studies mentioned that in outpatient settings, colchicine can prevent hospitalization and even death. Colchicine can improve the clinical outcome on CRP levels, the number of patients that need mechanical ventilation, and death rate in COVID-19 patients. The addition of colchicine to standard treatment should be considered to prevent clinical deterioration and death. Colchicine reduces the number of adverse effects in COVID-19 patients except for gastrointestinal adverse effects, especially diarrhea, which is consistently more common in the colchicine groups.

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Editorial Address Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing Universitas Gadjah Mada Jl. Farmako Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta 55281

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Contact Name
Nurhadiyahya

Contact Email
nurhadiyahya@ugm.ac.id

Phone
+6289672800034

Journal Mail Official
ijpther@ugm.ac.id

Editorial Address
Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing Universitas Gadjah Mada Jl. Farmako Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta 55281

Location
Kab. sleman,

Daerah istimewa yogyakarta

INDONESIA