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In Silico Analysis of Antiviral Activity and Pharmacokinetic Prediction of Brazilein Sappan Wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) Against SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoproteins Dwi Krihariyani; Edy Haryanto; Retno Sasongkowati
JURNAL INDONESIA DARI ILMU LABORATORIUM MEDIS DAN TEKNOLOGI Vol 3 No 1 (2021): Laboratory innovation : The challenge for medical laboratory
Publisher : Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33086/ijmlst.v3i1.1854

Abstract

Brazilein is one of the secondary sappan wood metabolites which can be used empirically as an antivirus. The SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoproteins play significant roles in attaching and entering the virus into the host cell. This study aims to predict the antiviral activity and pharmacokinetic properties of brazilein of the sappan wood against the in-silico SARS-CoV-2 S glycoproteins with vitamin C as the reference compound. Molegro Virtual Docker 5.5 was used to predict antiviral activity by docking process. SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein with NAG ligand available in Protein Data Bank (PDB) (PDB ID: 7C01) was the receptor used. The pkCSM online tool was used to predict the pharmacokinetic properties and toxicity of brazilein. Data were analyzed on the target receptors by comparing the docking bond energies between NAG, brazilein, and vitamin C. The smaller the ligands’ bond energy to the target receptor, the more stable the bonds are. The bond energy of NAG, brazilein, and vitamin C was -59.2864 kcal/mol, -65.8911 kcal/mol, and -53.9093 kcal/mol, respectively. These results suggested that brazilein has a greater capacity as an antivirus compared to NAG and vitamin C. In silico test using the pkCSM online tool demonstrated that brazilein had strong pharmacokinetic properties and relatively low toxicity.
RESISTANCE PATTERN OF Escherichia Coli AGAINTS ANTIBIOTICS IN URINARY TRACT INFECTION PATIENTS IN RSUD DR. SOETOMO SURABAYA Novi Ariana; Pestariati Pestariati; Retno Sasongkowati; Debby Kusumaningrum
Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health Research Vol. 1 No. 2 (2020): Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health Research
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (316.827 KB) | DOI: 10.20473/jcmphr.v1i2.21693

Abstract

Pathogenic bacteria cause Urinary Infection imore or lessi about 85 - 95% are bacteria Escherichia coli. The treatment of Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) requires adequate supportive therapy and antibiotics, but antibiotic resistance is an obstacle in UTI treatment. This study aims to determine the types of antibiotics that are resistant to Escherichia coli in patients with UTI. This is an observational study with a descriptive method to determine the type of antibiotic-resistant to Escherichia coli in patients with UTI in the Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology RSUD Dr. Soetomo. Antibiotics that were resistant to Escherichia coli in UTI patients were cefazolin (80.49%), Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid (73.17%), Ampicillin (73.17%), Tetracycline (68.29%), while antibiotics that were resistant to Escherichia coli ESBL was Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid (100%), Ampicillin (100%), Cefazolin (99.7%), Aztreonam (99.7%), Ceftazidime (99.7%). The prevalence of Escherichia coli in UTI patients was 27.5%, while Escherichia coli ESBL was 72.5%. Based on the results of the research that has been obtained, it is better to do research on antibiotic resistance patterns periodically.
Gen Exfoliatif A (EtA) Staphylococcus aureus Pada Isolat Luka Pasien Diabetes Mellitus Suliati Suliati; Retno Sasongkowati; Lully Hanni Endarini; Anita Dwi Anggraini
2-TRIK: TUNAS-TUNAS RISET KESEHATAN Vol 12, No 2 (2022): Mei 2022
Publisher : FORUM ILMIAH KESEHATAN

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33846/2trik12204

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a degenerative disease that has many complications, one of which is diabetic ulcers. People with diabetes mellitus who have open wounds will be more susceptible to infection because an increase in blood sugar can make the wound a nutrient and a place for bacterial growth. One of the bacteria that causes infection in open wounds is Staphylococcus aureus. Toxins released by Staphylococcus aureus can cause Staphylococcal Scaled Skin (SSS). This quantitative descriptive study was conducted at the Diabetes Wound Specialist House, involving patients with diabetes mellitus at the Diabetes Wound Specialist Hospital. Bacterial culture from patient wound swabs was carried out at the Microbiology Laboratory, Poltekkes Kemenkes Surabaya; while the detection of the Staphylococcus aureus EtA gene was carried out at the ITD (Institute of Tropical Diseases) Laboratory. Data were analyzed descriptively. The PCR results showed that from 30 samples of diabetes mellitus wound swabs, 2 samples were found positive for the presence of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.Keywords: Exfoliative A gene; Staphylococcus aureus; diabetes mellitus  ABSTRAK Diabetes melitus merupakan salah satu penyakit degeneratif yang punya banyak diikuti dengan komplikasi, salah satu di antaranya adalah ulkus diabetik. Penderita diabetes melitus yang memiliki luka terbuka akan lebih rentan mengalami infeksi karena adanya kenaikan gula darah dapat menjadikan luka tersebut menjadi nutrisi dan tempat pertumbuhan bakteri. Salah satu bakteri yang menyebabkan infeksi pada luka terbuka adalah Staphylococcus aureus. Toksin yang dikeluarkan oleh Staphylococcus aureus dapat menyebabkan Staphylococcal Scaled Skin (SSS). Penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif ini dilaksanakan di Rumah Spesialis Luka Diabetes, dengan melibatkan pasien diabetes mellitus di Rumat Spesialis Luka Diabetes. Kultur bakteri dari usap luka pasien dilakukan di Laboratotium Mikrobiologi, Poltekkes Kemenkes Surabaya; sedangkan deteksi gen EtA bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dilakukan di Laboratorium ITD (Institute of Tropical Diseases). Data dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil PCR menunjukkan bahwa dari 30 sampel usap luka diabetes melitus, telah ditemukan 2 sampel positif adanya bakteri Staphyococcus aureus.Kata kunci: gen Exfoliatif A; Staphylococcus aureus; diabetes mellitus
Deteksi Gen Penyandi Resistensi Insektisida Karbamat (Ace-1) pada Nyamuk Aedes Aegypti Metode Pcr Revi Zakiyatul Maftukhah; Retno Sasongkowati; Wisnu Istanto; Anita Dwi Anggraini
Malahayati Nursing Journal Vol 4, No 10 (2022): Volume 4 Nomor 10 2022
Publisher : Universitas Malahayati Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33024/mnj.v4i10.7571

Abstract

ABSTRACT Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a high endemic problems, especially in the tropics. Effort to prepare for the surge in cases, it is necessary to develop in molecular level, detection of the Ace-1 gene can be used as an important indication of the resistance Aedes aegypti to carbamate insecticides. Purpose to detect the presence or absence of the Ace-1 gene of Aedes aegypti against carbamate insecticides using the PCR method. Methods descriptive quantitative analytic method of observational data. Treatments in experiment consisted of four test bottles and one control bottle. The results that appear on the detection of Ace-1 gene using RT-PCR are CT values. Results showed that from  4 existing samples, 2 of them were positive with a value, sample 1 (A01) had a CT value of 1.00, sample 4 (A04) had a CT value of 4.42 while other 2 were negative which was indicated by the emergence of N/A which means Not Available or not available primary gene in target gene. Conclusion percentage obtained was 50% of samples with Ace-1 gene detected and 50% of other samples not detecting Ace-1 gene. Keywords: Aedes aegypti, Ace-1, CT value  ABSTRAK Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) menjadi salah satu masalah endemis yang cukup tinggi khususnya di daerah tropis. Sebagai upaya kesiapsiagaan terhadap lonjakan kasus yang terjadi perlu dikembangkan ke tingkat molekuler yaitu deteksi gen Ace-1 yang dapat dijadikan sebagai indikasi penting dari resistensi nyamuk Aedes aegypti terhadap jenis insektisida golongan karbamat. Tujuan untuk mendeteksi ada tidaknya gen Ace-1 nyamuk Aedes aegypti terhadap insektisida karbamat menggunakan metode PCR. Metode Penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif metode analitik data observasi. Banyaknya perlakuan dari penelitian ini terdiri dari empat botol uji dan satu botol kontrol. Hasil yang muncul pada deteksi gen Ace-1 menggunakan RT-PCR berupa nilai CT. Hasil menunjukkan dari 4 sampel yang ada diperoleh hasil 2 diantaranya positif dengan nilai yaitu pada sampel 1 (A01) mempunyai nilai CT sebesar 1,00, pada sampel 4 (A04) mempunyai nilai CT sebesar 4,42 sedangkan 2 lainnya negatif yang ditandai dengan munculnya N/A yang berarti Not Available atau tidak tersedia gen primer pada gen target. Kesimpulan presentase yang diperoleh sebesar 50% sampel yang terdeteksi adanya gen Ace-1 dan 50% sampel lainnya tidak terdeteksi adanya gen Ace-. Kata kunci: Aedes aegypti, Ace-1, nilai CT
Uji Efektivitas Ekstrak Daun Sirih Hijau (Piper Betle L), Daun Sirih Merah (Piper Crocatum) dan Daun Sirih Kuning (Piper Betle) terhadap Mortalitas Larva Nyamuk Aedes Aegypti Heni Nuril Arfiyanti; Diah Titik Mutiarawati; Retno Sasongkowati; Wisnu Isntanto
Malahayati Nursing Journal Vol 4, No 10 (2022): Volume 4 Nomor 10 2022
Publisher : Universitas Malahayati Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33024/mnj.v4i10.7510

Abstract

ABSTRACT The  Aedes  aegypti  mosquito  is  the  main  vector  of  DHF  (Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever). In the city of Surabaya in 2019, there were 277 cases of dengue fever. Control using chemical insecticides can create resistance for larvae so that other methods can be used, namely herbal insecticides on green betel  leaves,  red  betel  leaves  and  yellow  betel  leaves  which  contain compounds such as essential oils, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins which are toxic and can affect the digestive system. and nervous system in Aedes aegypti larvae. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of green betel leaf extract (Piper betle L), red betel leaf (Piper crocatum) and yellow betel leaf (Piper betle) as natural insecticides against Aedes  aegypti  larvae.  This  research  was  conducted  at  the  Entomology Laboratory of the East Java Provincial Health Office in May 2022. The data collection technique was experimental. In this study there were 5 treatment groups  with  concentrations  of  0.1%,  0.5%  and 1%  and there  were  positive control groups (abate) and negative control groups, each treatment had 5 replications. Each test contained 20 instar III Aedes aegypti larvae. With the duration of exposure for 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360, 420, 480, 540, 1440. The results of this study indicate that the greater the concentration and duration of exposure,  the more  mortality of mosquito larvae. The results of the data analysis of this study showed that they were not normally distributed and were not homogeneous, so the Kruskal-Wallis test gave a p value < (0.05) indicating the effect of the extract on the concentration. Then proceed to the Post-Hoc test showing different results at each concentration, if p> (0.05) then there is no difference, if p < (0.05) then there is a difference in each extract concentration on larval mortality. Keywords: Aedes Aegypti, Piper Betle L, Piper Crocatum, Piper Betle, Larva       Mortality  ABSTRAK Nyamuk Aedes aegypti merupakan vektor utama dari penyakit DBD (Demam Berdarah Dengue). Pada kota Surabaya tahun 2019 kasus DBD  dengan jumlah 277 kasus. Pengendalian menggunakan insektisida kimia dapat menjadikan resistensi untuk larva sehingga dapat menggunakan cara lain yaitu insektisida herbal pada daun sirih hijau, sirih merah dan sirih kuning yang memiliki kandungan senyawa seperti minyak atsiri, alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin dan tanin yang bersifat sebagai racun dapat mempengaruhi sistem pencernaan dan sistem saraf pada larva Aedes aegypti. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui efektivitas ekstrak daun sirih hijau (Piper betle L), sirih merah (Piper crocatum) dan sirih kuning (Piper betle) sebagai insektisida alami terhadap  larva  Aedes  aegypti.  Penelitian  ini  dilaksanakan  di  LaboratoriumEntomologi Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Jawa Timur pada bulan Mei 2022. Teknik pengumpulan data secara eksperimental. Penelitian ini terdapat 5 kelompok perlakuan  konsentrasi  0,1%,  0,5%  dan  1%  serta  terdapat  kelompok  kontrol positif (abate) dan kontrol negatif, setiap perlakuan terdapat 5 kali replikasi. Setiap uji berisi 20 larva Aedes aegypti instar III. Dengan lama pemaparan selama 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360, 420, 480, 540, 1440. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa semakin besar  konsentrasi dan lama pemaparan maka semakin banyak mortalitas larva nyamuk. Hasil analisa data penelitian ini menunjukkan tidak berdistribusi normal dan tidak homogen sehingga dilakukan uji kruskal-wallis memberikan nilai p < (0,05) menunjukkan adanya pengaruh ekstrak pada konsentrasi. Kemudian dilanjutkan ke uji Post-Hoc menunjukkan hasil berbeda – beda pada setiap konsentrasi, apabila p > (0,05) maka tidak ada perbedaan, apabila p < (0,05) maka adanya perbedaan pada setiap konsentrasi ekstrak terhadap mortalitas larva. Kata Kunci: Aedes Aegypti, Piper Betle L, Piper Crocatum, Piper Betle,       Mortalitas Larva
Efektivitas Berbagai Ekstrak Varietas Daun Sirih sebagai Repelen Daya Tolak terhadap Gigitan Nyamuk Aedes Aegypti Vemy Rahmany Kurniawan; Diah Titik Mutiarawati; Lully Hanni Endarini; Retno Sasongkowati
Malahayati Nursing Journal Vol 4, No 10 (2022): Volume 4 Nomor 10 2022
Publisher : Universitas Malahayati Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33024/mnj.v4i10.7511

Abstract

ABSTRACT DHF is a disease caused by the dengue virus and is transmitted from person to person through the bite of the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Control efforts can be carried out using natural insecticides from plants, namely betel leaf. Betel leaf contains saponins, flavonoids, tannins, eugenol, kavicol, alkaloids and essential oils. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of green betel leaf extract (Piper betle L), yellow betel leaf (Piper betle) and red betel leaf (Piper crocatum) as repellant for Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The research was carried out at the Entomology Laboratory of the East Java Provincial Health Office in April 2022. The data collection technique was carried out experimentally. Preparation of spray concentration 10%, 15%, 17%, 20% was sprayed on the back of the hand exposed to 25 female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, the exposure was carried out for 5 minutes within 6 hours with every 1 hour the hand was reinserted. This research was conducted with 4 times of replication. The results showed that the highest percentage of repelling repellant occurred at a concentration of 20%, namely in green betel (Piper betle L.) by 95%, yellow betel (Piper betle) by 94%, and red betel (Piper crocatum) by 91%. The results of the study were analysis of alternative test data, namely Kruskall Wallis because the data were not homogeneously distributed, then continued with the Post Hoc test to find out which were the significant differences between the treatment groups. The value of the Kruskall Wallis test was obtained, the value of p < (0.05) was Sig. 0.000 which means there is a difference in repulsion to the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Keywords:  Piper betle L, Piper betle, Piper crocatum, Aedes aegypti, Repellant                                               ABSTRAK DBD adalah penyakit yang disebabkan virus dengue dan ditularkan dari orang ke orang melalui gigitan nyamuk Aedes aegypti. Upaya pengendalian dapat dilakukan menggunakan insektisida alami dari tanaman yaitu daun sirih. Daun sirih mengandung senyawa saponin, flavonoid, tanin, eugenol, kavicol, alkaloid dan minyak atsiri. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui efektivitas ekstrak daun sirih hijau (Piper betle L), sirih kuning (Piper betle) dan sirih merah (Piper crocatum) sebagai repelen daya tolak nyamuk Aedes aegypti. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Entomologi Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Jawa Timur pada bulan April 2022. Teknik pengumpulan data yang dilakukan secara eksperimental. Sediaan spray konsentrasi 10%,15%,17%,20% disemprotkan pada punggung tangan yang dipaparkan 25 ekor nyamuk betina Aedes aegypti,  pemaparan dilakukan selama 5 menit dalam waktu 6 jam dengan setiap 1 jam sekali tangan dimasukkan kembali. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan 4 kali replikasi. Hasil penelitian didapatkan persentase repelen daya tolak tertinggi terjadi pada konsentrasi 20% yaitu pada sirih hijau (Piper betle L.) sebesar 95%, sirih kuning  (Piper betle) sebesar 94%, dan sirih merah (Piper crocatum) sebesar 91%. Hasil penelitian dilakukan analisa data uji alternatif yaitu Kruskall wallis karena data tidak berdistribusi homogen kemudian dilanjutkan dengan uji Post Hoc untuk mengetahui mana saja perbedaan yang signifikan antar kelompok perlakuan. Didapatkan nilai uji Kruskall wallis nilai p < (0,05) yaitu Sig. 0,000 yang mengartikan adanya perbedaan daya tolak terhadap nyamuk Aedes aegypti. Kata  Kunci:  Piper betle L, Piper betle, Piper crocatum, Aedes aegypti, Repelen
AKSI KOMPETENSI BERSAMA DI PANTI ASUHAN MISI NUSANTARA SURAKARTA Juliana Christyaningsih; Teresia Retna Puspitadewi; Lembunai Tat Alberta; Nuning Marina Pengge; Hotmaida Siagian; Diah Titik Mutiarawati; Christ Kartika Rahayuningsih; Dedi Kurniawan; Indah Lestari; Hery Sumasto; Lully Hani Endarini; Kiaonarni OW; Ira Puspita Sari; Evi Yunita N; Suliati; Darjati; Nur Hatijah; Khambali; Hadi Suryono; Demes Nurmayanti; Tatarini Ika Pipitcahyani; Astuti Setiyani; Siti Alfiah; Dina Isfentiani; Bambang Hadi Sugito; Retno Sasongkowati; Yusianti Silviani; N. S. Widodo
Jurnal Ilmiah Tatengkorang Vol 7 No 1 (2023): Jurnal Ilmia Tatengkorang
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, Politeknik Negeri Nusa Utara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.54484/tkrg.v7i1.553

Abstract

Permasalahan sosial yang banyak terjadi di masyarakat adalah kaum marjinal yang terpinggirkan seperti anak terlantar, anak jalanan, pengemis, dan sebagainya. Salah satu upaya mengatasi masalah kaum marjinal yaitu dengan didirikan lembaga sosial berupa panti asuhan anak. Sejak masa pandemi, anak di Panti Asuhan Misi Nusantara Surakarta jarang mendapat layanan kesehatan dan ada keterbatasan ruang gerak anak-anak. Tujuan pengabdian masyarakat ini untuk membantu panti asuhan dalam memantau pertumbuhan dan perkembangan penghuni dan pengelola Panti Asuhan Misi Nusantara di Surakarta. Metoda pelaksanaan berupa pemeriksaan tumbuh kembang anak, Penyuluhan Hidup Bersih dan Sehat, pemeriksaan Status Gizi Anak, penyuluhan cara menyikat gigi yang benar, pemeriksaan kesehatan pengelola panti asuhan serta pelatihan penanggulangan bencana. Hasil pemeriksaan Kesehatan pada penghuni dan pengelola panti didapatkan sebagian besar (52,6 persen) penghuni panti berjenis kelamin laki-laki, hampir setengahnya berusia rata-rata 21-60 tahun, Sebagian besar (68,4 persen) tekanan darah kurang dari 140/90 mmHg, Sebagian besar (73,1 persen) berstatus gizi normal, hampir seluruhnya (94,4 persen) glukosa darah kurang dari 126 m/dL dan asam urat kurang dari 8 mg/dL. Secara umum keadaan warga panti asuhan dalam keadaan baik Social problems that often occur in society are abandoned children, street children, beggars, disabled people, neglected elderly, poor families, families with social problems, and so on. Children and poor people should have their human rights fulfilled by the State of Indonesia. However, in reality there are many children whose needs are not met, such as parents who are unable to provide for the child's needs or the child does not have parents. One effort to overcome this is to establish social institutions in the form of orphanages. Since the pandemic, children at the Mission Nusantara Surakarta Orphanage rarely receive health services and there is limited space for children to move. Theless than purpose of this community service is to assist the orphanage in monitoring the growth and development of residents and managers of the Mission Nusantara Orphanage in Surakarta. The implementation method is in the form of examinations on child growth and development, Counseling on Clean and Healthy Living, checking on the Nutritional Status of Children, counseling on how to brush their teeth properly, health checks for orphanage managers and training on disaster management. 6 percent) of the residents of the orphanage are male, almost half of them are aged 21-60 years, most (68.4 percent) have blood pressure less than 140/90 mmHg, most (73.1 percent) have normal nutritional status, almost all (94.4 percent) blood glucose less than 126 m/dL and uric acid less than 8 mg/dl. Similar activities are needed to see general body health and must be monitored periodically, so that the residents of the orphanage can find out their health status, especially now that they are still in a pandemic condition Covid-19
Pendampingan dan Peningkatan Pengetahuan Manfaat Infusa Bawang Putih pada Masyarakat dalam Mencegah dan Mengatasi Hipertensi pada Masyarakat di Desa Ketetang Kecamatan Kwanyar Kabupaten Bangkalan Edy Haryanto; Sri Sulami Endah Astuti; Retno Sasongkowati; Anita Dwi Anggraini
ABDIKESMAS MULAWARMAN : Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat Vol.3 No.1 Mei (2023) : ABDIKESMAS MULAWARMAN
Publisher : Universitas Mulawarman

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Abstract

Hipertensi merupakan penyakit degeneratif yang menjadi masalah serius saat ini. Bahaya hipertensi yang tidak dapat dikendalikan dapat menimbulkan komplikasi yang berbahaya, seperti penyakit jantung koroner, stroke, ginjal dan gangguan penglihatan. Beberapa faktor yang berperan dalam terjadinya hipertensi meliputi faktor mayor yaitu faktor risiko yang tidak dapat dikendalikan dan faktor minor yaitu faktor risiko yang masih dapat dikendalikan. Permasalahan yang terjadi pada masyarakat adalah kurangnya pengetahuan tentang pengendalian penyakit hipertensi serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kejadian hipertensi dan ketidaktahuan masyarakat dalam memanfaatkan bahan herbal yang ada disekitar untuk dimanfaatkan untuk menurunkan hipertensi yaitu contohnya bawang putih. Kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat yang dilakukan pada warga di Desa Ketetang dusun kwalas berhasil dilaksanakan dan diikuti sebanyak 31 orang yang mengikuti pemeriksaan tekanan darah, kegiatan pelatihan dan penyuluhan pembuatan dan pemanfaatan infusa bawang. Masalah kesehatan yang dikeluhkan oleh warga mampu diatasi oleh tim pengabdian masyarakat dengan memberikan edusi pelatihan dan penyuluhan pembuatan infusa bawang putih sebagai terapi dari herbal untuk menurunkan tekanan darah. Selama kegiatan berlangsung peserta sangat antusias, hal ini dapat dilihat pada keaktifan peserta mengikuti dari awal sampai akhir.