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CLAUSE COMPLEX AND EXPERIENTIAL REALIZATION IN COURT TEXTS (BALI BOMB CASE I): A SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTICS STUDY Eddy Setia; I Gusti Made Sutjaja; Amrin Saragih; Ida Bagus Putrayadnya
e-Journal of Linguistics Vol. 3. 1 Januari 2009 No. 1
Publisher : Doctoral Studies Program of Linguistics of Udayana University Postgraduate Program

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CONFIGURATION OF CULTURAL NORMS IN TRADITIONAL RICE PLANTING RITUAL DISCOURSE THE TRADITIONAL FARMING COMMUNITY OF BAYAN, NORTH LOMBOK I Made Netra; Ni Luh Sutjiati Beratha; I Gusti Made Sutjaja; I Wayan Pastika
e-Journal of Linguistics Vol. 5. Juli 2011 No. 2
Publisher : Doctoral Studies Program of Linguistics of Udayana University Postgraduate Program

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This is the study of traditional rice planting ritual discourse of the traditional farming community of Bayan, North Lombok in an ethno-pragmatic perspective. It is specifically aimed at describing the cultural norms and their meaning configurations. The theory used in the study is the cultural scripts developed by Wierzbicka (2002a) considering that cultural norms constitute rules and regulations in social interaction practices. They can be investigated from the use of grammatical aspects of language and linguistic routines which are context-bound. They can be configured by paraphrasing in simple and mini language using single space. The results of the study showed that there were some cultural norms found on the traditional rice planting ritual discourse of the traditional farming community of Bayan, North Lombok. They included: (1) asserting thought and hope, (2) respecting other entities, (3) apologizing, (4) promising, and (5) giving advice. The configuration of these cultural norms was in accordance with the understanding of local cultural scripts and wisdom in terms of rituals of the local farming system. The configuration is constructed in low-level script with components of “when” and “if”. It contains the aspects of thinking, speaking, and doing. It is derived from the semantic primes of both evaluation and perception.

AJI BLEGODAWA TEXT IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF FUNCTIONAL SYSTEMIC LINGUISTICTS I Wayan Rasna; Made Suastra; I Gusti Made Sutjaja; I Ketut Darma Laksana
e-Journal of Linguistics Vol. 4. Januari 2010 No. 1
Publisher : Doctoral Studies Program of Linguistics of Udayana University Postgraduate Program

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This research give answers to the following five problems; they are (1) the lexico grammar of AjiBlegodawa Text (Text Aji Blegodawa; hereon abbreviated to TAB); (2) the context of situation (register)and the context of culture (genre) of TAB; (4) the ideational, interpersonal and textual meanings of TAB;and (5) the values in TAB. Note taking method was employed for collecting the data needed for thelexicogrammar, the context of situation, the functions, meanings, and the values. The data needed for thecultural context were collected by note taking, questionnaire, observation and structured interview.Structured interview, in which eleven informants were interviewed, was also employed for collecting dataneeded for the values. Functional system linguistics (hereon abbreviated to FSL) introduced by Hallidaywas employed to analyze the data (Halliday, 1985: 2004; 2005); (Halliday and Maththiessen, 2004).The findings show that the frequencies of the processes in the text are as follows: the materialprocess appears 674 times (52.29%); the relational process takes place 233 times (18.08%) and the mentalprocess occurs 177 (13.73%).With regard to circumstances, the circumstance of location is the most dominant followed by thecircumstance of manner. From the context of situation, it can be identified that the field is black magic;from the participants, it can be identified that the main participant is Blegodawa. The mode issimultaneously used to form the configuration of meaning. It can be revealed that the main participantsupported by the supporting participants kill the victim. Viewed from the cultural point of view, thecultural norms referred to in TAB destroy life. The linguistic functionsin TAB are: 1) ideational function which includes belief, the tradition of the magic world, taboo,historical relationship and ritual; 2) interpersonal function which includes interactive function and selfexpressive function and 3) textual function. The meanings in TAB include ideational meaning,interpersonal meaning and textual meaning. The values in TAB include: 1) the value of power (theintention to have the power) which is made up of a) religious value as the basis for having the intention tohave the power); b) the magic value as the basis for having the intention to have the power; c) the magicsocio cultural value as the basis for having the intention to have the power; 2) the achievement value (theintention of achieving something) as the basis for having the intention to achieve something magically; 3)the hedonism value and 4) the value of universalism.

MARRIAGE RITUAL TEXT OF BALINESE TRADITIONAL COMMUNITY: AN ANALYSIS OF FUNCTIONAL SYSTEMIC LINGUISTICS Putu Sutama; I Gusti Made Sutjaja; Aron Meko Mbete; Mahyuni -
e-Journal of Linguistics Vol. 4. Juli 2010 No. 2
Publisher : Doctoral Studies Program of Linguistics of Udayana University Postgraduate Program

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The Marriage Ritual Text of Balinese Traditional Community (Teks Ritual‘Pewiwahan’ Masyarakat Adat Bali, hereon abbreviated to TRPMAB) in this dissertationis analyzed in the perspective of linguistic studies using the functional systemic linguistictheory. TRPMAB is a dialogic text containing a discussion, and is terminologicallytermed as a conversational text. It refers to the use of Balinese language (Bahasa Bali,hereon abbreviated to BB) in a marriage ritual. There are two inseparable systems in it;they are BB system and social system, which are widely termed as cultural system.The method employed in this study is field method, meaning that the researcherwent directly to the field or to the location where TRPMAP took place. The researcherdirectly took part as both the active and passive participant. In this way, the researchcould observe TRPMAB directly.The population of the study includes all TPRB in Bali. Considering that thepopulation is too wide, then samples were taken to represent all the population. Thesamples total 10 which were obtained from the biggest marriage processions in Bali. Outof the 10 samples, 6 units of text were selected as the corpus of the study. The selectionwas made based on particular criteria including quality. It is this corpus which wasanalyzed to support and examine the hypothesis related to the text analyzed.The analysis of TRPMAB includes: the structure of the texts, the mood, thetransitivity, the theme-rheme and the logical relationship between the clause and theideology. The findings are as follows:(1) TRPMAB is a text which has a number of structural dimensions such as (a)cultural structure, (b) macro structure, that is, the structure related to the situationalcontext made up of field, tenor and mode, (c) micro structure, (d) structure of meaning,that is, the structure related to the sequence of meanings between the participants withinthe dialogue, and (e) the texture, that is, the intact successive relationship of meaningsamong parts of the text.(2) TRPMB is a text which has a particular system of mood according to thesystem in Balinese language. The structure of clausal mood is made up of subjectfollowed predicate (S?P), the structure of clausal mood is made up of mood and residue,and the system of modality is made up of modalization.(3) TRPMB is a text which has macro transitivity termed as transitivity, that is,the system of valency existing among the processes and participants. The processes usedare ordered as follows: mental process (1,361), existential process (1.071), verbal process(461), relational process (222), behavior process (105) and material process (225). Addedtogether, there are 3,445 processes.(4) TRPMAB is a text which has complete composition of theme - rheme such as(a) the theme of intra participants, that is, the theme which occupies the first position inthe structure of mood; (b) the topical theme, that is, the theme which occupies the initialposition in the structure of transitivity; and (c) the textual theme, that is, the theme whichoccupies the initial position in the text.(5) TRAPMAB is a text which is constructed by the logic syntactic and semanticrelationships. As far as the logic semantic relationship is concerned, only expandedrelationship of meaning has been found, that is, a type of relationship in which themeaning of the secondary clause extends or develops the meaning of the primary clauseby elaboration, extension and multiplicity.Apart from being bound to the Balinese cultural context, it is also bound toideology. As far as the Balinese culture is concerned, the ideology referred to is the onewhich is adhered to in the Balinese culture, that is, the one which is related to Hinduismand covers values, esthetics and social patterns. The ideological analysis formulates thatthat the ideology of TRPMAB can be identified through field, participants and mode.

IDEOLOGIES BEYOND THE INVITING RAIN TEXT BY BALINESE MIGRANT IN SUMBAWA Ni Wayan Mekarini; I Gusti Made Sutjaja; I Wayan Pastika; Putu Sutama
e-Journal of Linguistics Vol. 8. Januari 2014 No. 1
Publisher : Doctoral Studies Program of Linguistics of Udayana University Postgraduate Program

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Makalah ini menerangkan tentang ideologi yang terkandung dalam teks panggil hujan. Sejalan dengan situasi tadah hujan, teks panggil hujan menjadi harapan bagi keberlangsungan mata pencaharian petani. Ideologi teks diteropong dari sudut pandang konteks situasi. Pada aspek medan terdapat etika bahwa teks ritual tidak boleh diwarnai dengan gurauan atau homor. Stuktur percakapan ditata secara sederhana, tanpa proses berbantahan. Pada aspek pelibat, ketua pamangku berfungsi sebagai partisipan kunci. Hal itu sejalan dengan dinamika kekuasaan yang terkandung dalam suatu praktik sosial. Bagaimana struktur ideologi yang dikandung teks panggil hujan sehingga teks dapat berfungsi secara signifikan dalam pemeliharaan hidup petani? Paper ini mengulas ideologi dari tiga metafungsi yang berbeda versi Sistemik dikombinasikan dengan tinjauan dari sudut pandang wacana.

VALENCY AND SYNTACTICAL RELATION IN BIMANESS Made Sri Satyawati; I Ketut Artawa; I Wayan Pastika; I Gusti Made Sutjaja
e-Journal of Linguistics Vol. 3. Juli 2009 No. 2
Publisher : Doctoral Studies Program of Linguistics of Udayana University Postgraduate Program

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This study presents the findings and descriptions of the replies to severalproblems that have not been completely and deeply discussed in the researchespreviously conducted on Bimanese. The problems are related to micro-linguistic factors,namely valency and syntactical relation in Bimanese. Both deductive and inductiveapproaches were applied to obtain satisfactory results. The main theory employed in thisstudy is Role and Reference Grammar Theory (RRG) by Van Valin and J. Lapolla. It wasemployed to completely analyze the collected data in accordance with the problemsproposed in this research, and the inductive approach was employed to analyze the datain order to get novelties.In this study, clause structure is given the first priority to discuss, followed by thediscussion on operator, voice markers, nominalizers, and definiteness. Based on thepredicate category, the clause in Bimanese can be constructed with the constituents thatare under the categories of verb, noun, adjective, number, and adverb (prepositionalphrase). Based on the clause analysis, it has been found that in Bimanese there are severaloperators, each of which has different functional boundary in marking the clausemeaning. One operator may only sign nucleus, core (nucleus and argument), or core andperiphery. Bimanese has also been identified to have four linguistic states expressed byverbs that are made to make sense based on state (Aktisontrat), achievement, andaccomplishment. RRG classifies verbs into ten instead of four. However, in this study, tomake the analysis easier, verbs are classified into four. The predicate in Bimanese can beboth serial verbs and secondary verbs. It has also been found that the mechanism ofchange in valency is marked by the attachment of markers to the verbs resulting incausativity, applicativity, and resultivity. From those syntactical constructions, thesyntactical relation in Bimanese can be clearly identified. The discussion on syntacticalrelation starts with SUBJ and OBJ followed by word orders. The word orders found inBimanese are SPO, adposition of PREP-N, N-G, N-Adj, N-Dem, and question wordposition. In addition, four voices have also been identified in Bimanese. They are active,passive, middle, and antipassive.

TRANSLATION OF RELIGIOUS-CULTURAL TERMS OF ADDRESS IN THE LUKE’S BIBLE Frans I Made Brata; I. B. Putra Yadnya; I Gusti Made Sutjaja; Aron Meko Mbete
e-Journal of Linguistics Vol. 4. Juli 2010 No. 2
Publisher : Doctoral Studies Program of Linguistics of Udayana University Postgraduate Program

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This study analyses words and phrases used for addressing in the translation ofreligious-cultural terms of address in the Luke’s Bible. Their profiles and attitudes,techniques, methods, and ideologies applied as well as factors leading to and theirimpacts towards the degree of accuracy, readability, and acceptability were qualitativelydescribed.The data were taken from the Luke’s English Bible and their translations intoBalinese. First, the terms of address found in the source text were compared with thosefound in the target text with reference to the appraisal theoretical framework to identifythe social stratifications to which the addressee belongs to, which was then applied toidentify what translation techniques were applied. The formal and dynamic equivalence(de Ward and Nida, 1986: 36), and V diagram of the translation method (New Mark,1988: 45) were employed to show the translation orientations closely related to thetranslation ideology itself.The findings show that: (1) the choice of the linguistic variants in the targetlanguage was influenced by the dimensions of attitude: affect, judgment, andappreciation, either (positive [+], or negative [-]) among the participants; (2) there were12 translation techniques applied, two of which were the technique of calque and literal(0.06%) which were oriented towards the source language, 0.02% was ‘gray’, and therest, that is, 99.2% was oriented towards the target language. The dominance of thetranslation techniques which were oriented towards the target language shows that therewas a great cultural difference between the source text and the target text; (3) thedominance of the translation communicative method and the domestication ideologyshows that, when the translation process took place, the translator’s orientation wastowards the target reader; (4) the linguistic factor, the religious-cultural difference, andthe translator’s preference led to the translation techniques, methods and ideologiesapplied to translating the terms of address in the Luke’s Bible; (5) the translationtechniques, methods, and ideologies employed, positively contributed to the quality of thetranslation, causing the translation product to be highly accurate, intelligible, andculturally acceptable to the target reader.

TAWA IN MINANGKABAU TRADITIONAL THERAPY IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF ANTHROPOLOGIC LINGUISTICS STUDIES Fajri Usman; I Gusti Made Sutjaja; Aron Meko Mbete; Oktavianus -
e-Journal of Linguistics Vol. 3. Juli 2009 No. 2
Publisher : Doctoral Studies Program of Linguistics of Udayana University Postgraduate Program

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The research on Tawa in Minangkabau Traditional Therapy: in the Perspective ofAnthropologic Linguistics is a research that is focused on the study of linguistic forms,functions of meaning, and the values contained in it. Qualitative approach was employedin this study. Such an approach was based on the naturalistic and interpretative paradigmwith the principles that the data were natural and interpretative in nature. To investigatethe linguistic forms, the functions, the meaning and the values, the methods employedwere “listen, get involved and talk” (simak libat cakap = SLC), “listen, not get involvedand talk” (simak bebas libat cakap = SBLC) and “talk face to face” (cakap semuka =CS). That was done by recording and taking down the narrative of tawa uttered by thedukun (healer). In order to obtain such a narration, the method of talk not face to face(cakap tak semuka = CTS), which was done by seeking for information from theinformants, was employed.The results of the thematic and schematic structure analysis show that the themeof TPTM (Tawa dalam Pengobatan Traditional Minangkabau = Tawa in MinangkabauTraditional Therapy) is related to the history of invisible creatures, the history of humanbeings, the history of animals, the history of plants, and the history of diseases). Theschematic structure of TPTM consists of introduction, content and closing. The linguistic(phonological, morphological, syntactical and semantic) forms of TPTM are related tothe use of the prosodic elements (stress, intonation and length). The morphologicalaspects of repetitions in TPTM are found in the beginning, in the beginning and centre, inthe end, and in the beginning and end of the sentences. The verbs in TPTM can be stateverbs and action verbs to which affixes are added, without and with the markers(conjunction and preposition). In syntactical level, the sentence structure in TPTM is notgenerally the same as that in Minangfkabau language. Statements, imperatives, andprohibitions dominate the sentences in TPTM. In addition, the omission of subjects andobjects, and the existence of parallelism, when creating rhythmic units, functioning toraise musical sounds for inviting magical powers feature TPTM.

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