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INDONESIA
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan
Published by Universitas Negeri Semarang
ISSN : 23030623     EISSN : 24072370     DOI : -
Core Subject : Science,
Materials Science & Nanotechnology
This journal presents articles and information on research, development and applications in biomass conversion processes (thermo-chemical conversion; physico-chemical conversion and bio-chemical conversion) and equipment to produce fuels, power, heat, and value-added chemicals from biomass. A biorefinery takes advantage of the various components in biomass and their intermediates therefore maximizing the value derived from the biomass feedstock. A biorefinery could, for example, produce one or several low-volume, but high-value, chemical or nutraceutical products and a low-value, but high-volume liquid transportation fuel such as biodiesel or bioethanol (see also alcohol fuel). The high-value products increase profitability, the high-volume fuel helps meet energy needs, and the power production helps to lower energy costs and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from traditional power plant facilities. Future biorefineries may play a major role in producing chemicals and materials that are traditionally produced from petroleum.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 407 Documents
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PEMUNGUTAN BRAZILIN DARI KAYU SECANG (Caesalpinia sappan L) DENGAN METODE MASERASI DAN APLIKASINYA UNTUK PEWARNAAN KAIN Fardhyanti, Dewi Selvia; Riski, Ria Dwita
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 4, No 1 (2015): June 2015
Publisher : Semarang State University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v4i1.3768

Abstract

Pembuatan zat warna alami dilakukan dengan metode maserasi dengan menggunakan pelarut etanol dan aquades, variasi volume pelarut yang digunakan 75, 150, dan 250 ml. Variasi waktu perendaman 6, 12, 24, dan 48 jam. Serbuk zat warna alami Brazilin dianalisis dengan FTIR dan diaplikasikan pada kain. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan semakin lama waktu ekstraksi dan volume pelarut yang digunakan, maka rendemen yang dihasilkan semakin banyak. Rendemen serbuk brazilin maksimal sebesar 6,316% pada waktu ekstraksi 48 jam menggunakan volume pelarut etanol 250 ml. Gugus fungsi brazilin memiliki ikatan tertentu diantaranya C-H, O-H, C-O, C=O, C=C alkena. Adanya gugus fungsi –OH menunjukkan adanya senyawa brazilin. Serbuk brazilin diaplikasikan pada kain dengan teknik celup, zat pengikat seperti tawas, kapur, dan tunjung mempengaruhi kenampakan warna yang dihasilkan pada kain.Kata kunci : zat warna, ekstraksi, maserasi, brazilin, teknik celup. A production of natural dyes can be done by maceration method with using ethanol solvent and distilled water (aquadest), variations of solvent volumes which used were 75, 150, and 250 ml. Soaking times variations were 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours. Brazilin natural dye powder was analyzed by FTIR and applied to industry. The research results showed the longer of the extraction time and the volume of the used solvents, resulted in the higher yield. Yield of Brazilin powder maximum was 6.316% on the extraction time during 48 hours with using ethanol solvent of 250 ml. Functional groups of Brazilin have specific bond among CH, OH, CO, C = O, C = C alkenes. The existence of the functional groups -OH indicates the brazilin compound. Brazilin powder was applied to industry with dye techniques, binding agents such as alum, lime, and lotus (tunjung) which affected the appearance of the fabric color.Keyword : natural dyes, extraction, maceration, brazilin, dye technique.
SINTESIS ADSORBEN BERBASIS LIGNOSELULOSA DARI KAYU RANDU (Ceiba pentandraL.) UNTUK MENJERAP Pb(II) DALAM LIMBAH CAIR ARTIFISIAL Astuti, Widi; Susilowati, Nova
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 3, No 2 (2014): December 2014
Publisher : Semarang State University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v3i2.3697

Abstract

Pada penelitian ini, limbah kayu randu digunakan sebagai adsorben untuk menjerap ion Pb (II) dalam larutan. Kayu randu yang telah direaksikan dengan NaOH dikarakterisasi dan diuji kemampuan adsorpsinya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada serbuk kayu hasil reaksi dengan NaOH terlihat adanya pori dengan bentuk dan ukuran yang lebih seragam dengan luas permukaan spesifik 7,420 m2/g dan diameter pori 0.3 nm. Adsorpsi mencapai kesetimbangan pada 120 menit dengan kemampuan penjerapan sebesar 2,47 mg/g. Adsorpsi mengikuti model isotherm Freundlich dengan nilai tetapan KF sebesar 1,986 dan n sebesar 0,649.In this research, cotton wood waste was used to adsorb Pb(II) ion in the solution. Sodium hydroxide treated cotton wood was characterized its spesific surface area, pore size, morphology and functional group. Furthermore, it was tested its adsorption ability to adsorb ion Pb(II). The result show that the treated cotton wood has uniform pores. Its specific surface area and pore diameter are 7.420 m2/g and 0.3 nm, respectively. The equilibrium was achieved in 120 minutes. Adsorption ability of the adsorben is 2.47 mg/g. In the adsorption, Freundlich isotherm model fit with the experimental data with the value of KF and n are 1.986 and 0.649, respectively.
MICROWAVE ASSISTED HYDRODISTILLATION UNTUK EKSTRAKSI MINYAK ATSIRI DARI KULIT JERUK BALI SEBAGAI LILIN AROMATERAPI -, Megawati; urniyawati, Fitriya M
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 4, No 1 (2015): June 2015
Publisher : Semarang State University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v4i1.3769

Abstract

Ekstraksi minyak atsiri kulit jeruk bali dilakukan menggunakan metode Microwave Assisted Hydrodistillation dengan variasi daya (800, 600, 450, 300, dan 100 W) dan massa bahan (150, 125, 100, 75,dan 50 g). Ektraksi dengan variasi daya dilakukan pada massa 150 g dan didapat daya optimum yaitu 600 W, sedangkan ekstraksi dengan variasi massa bahan dilakukan pada daya 600 W. Minyak atsiri yang diperoleh dianalisis densitas, kelarutan dalam alkohol 95% dan senyawa kimia minyak atsiri kulit jeruk bali menggunakan Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) dan minyak atsiri kulit jeruk bali yang didapat diaplikasikan untuk lilin aromaterapi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan semakin besar daya yang digunakan maka volum minyak yang dihasilkan semakin besar dan waktu ekstraksinya lebih cepat. Variasi massa bahan menunjukkan semakin besar massa bahan massa bahan yang digunakan maka volum minyak yang dihasilkan semakin besar. Densitas minyak atsiri kulit jeruk bali hasil penelitian yaitu 0,810 g/mL, larut pada alkohol 95% dengan perbandingan minyak-alkohol 1:6 dan terdapat tiga komponen senyawa kimia penyusun minyak atsiri kulit jeruk bali yaitu limonen (93,99%), β-pinene (3,20%), dan germakren-D (2,82%). Minyak atsiri kulit jeruk bali hasil ekstraksi yang diperoleh dapat diaplikasikan untuk lilin aromaterapi. Kata kunci: Kulit jeruk bali, lilin aromaterapi, microwave assisted hydrodistillation, minyak atsiri. Essential oils extracted from pomelo peel was performed using Microwave Assisted Hydrodistillation with variations of microwave oven power (800, 600, 450, 300, and 100 W) and material mass (150, 125, 100, 75, and 50 g). The extraction with power variation was conducted with 150 g of material and the optimum extraction power was obtained at 600 W. Therefore material mass variation was conducted with microwave oven power of 600 W. The essential oils produced were analyzed for its density, solubility in alcohol of 95% v/v, and chemical composition. The chemical composition analysis was conducted with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spektrometry (GC-MS). Afterward the essential oils was treated to produce aromatherapy candle. It is concluded that the greater power obtained the greater oil volume. Additionally the greater material mass resulted in the greater oil volume. The extracted pomelo peel essential oil density is about 0.810 g/mL. Beside that, essential oil solubility in alcohol is about 95% v/v (oil-alcohol ratio of 1:6). There are three oil components in pomelo peel essential oil, i.e. limonene (93.99%), β-pinene (3.20%), and germacrene-D (2.82%). Finally, obtained pomelo peel essential oil can be utilized as raw material to produce aromatherapy candle. Keywords: Aromatherapy candle, essential oils, microwave assisted hydrodistillation, pomelo peel.
PEMBUATAN PUPUK ORGANO-MINERAL FERTILIZER (OMF) PADAT DARI LIMBAH INDUSTRI BIOETANOL (VINASSE) Kusumaningtyas, Ratna Dewi; Oktafiani, Oktafiani; Hartanto, Dhoni; Handayani, Prima Astuti; Muhammad, Dimas Rahadian Aji
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 4, No 2 (2015): December 2015
Publisher : Semarang State University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v4i2.4189

Abstract

Organo-mineral fertilizer solid was generated from liquid-waste vinasse with the addition of other materials as variations such as filter cake, boiler ash, urea, and NPK through the evaporation of water content in the material. Each solid OMF has a different mixture. OMF A made of evaporated vinasse or sticky vinasse, OMF B made of vinasse and urea, OMF C made from vinasse and filter cake, omf D made of vinasse and boiler ash 2 : 2, OMF E made of vinasse and boiler ash 2 : 4, OMF F made of vinasse, filter cake, and boiler ash, OMF A3 made of vinasse and 3% NPK, OMF made of A6 vinasse and 6% NPK, OMF A9 made of vinasse and 9% NPK. OMF analysis includes NPK and C/N ratio. Solid OMF which meet the SNI (Indonesian National Standard) are OMF A3, OMF A6, OMF A9 based on the quantity of NPK and C/N ratio where NPK is a source of primer macro nutrients on the plant while the C/N ratio equilibrium will determine the equilibrium of the vegetative and generative stage. NPK content and C/N ratio of OMF A3 are 0,63%, 0,45% ,0,38%, and 10,30, respectively.OMF A6 was 0,59%, 0,52% ,0,41%, and 13,66, respectively as well as OMF A9 are 0,68%, 0,52% ,0,45% and 14,16, respectively. OMF that meet SNI applied to the watermelon plants. OMF that gives the best results in plants is OMF A9 compossed from vinasse and NPK 9% because the plants growth faster shown based on plant height and stem diameter, leaf shape, flower and fruit appearance time. 
EKSTRAKSI MINYAK ATSIRI KULIT JERUK MANIS DENGAN METODE VACUUM MICROWAVE ASISSTED HYDRODISTILLATION Megawati, Megawati; kurniawan, rosa dwi
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 4, No 2 (2015): December 2015
Publisher : Semarang State University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v4i2.4143

Abstract

The objective of this research is to extract essential oil of sweet orange peel (Citrus sinensis) using vacuum microwave assisted hydrodistillation (VMAHD) method. The operation condition was at various orange peel mass (50, 100, and 150 g) and extraction times (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 min). The volume of water as solvent was about 300 mL. Before extraction, analysis of oil content in orange peel was conducted using solvent extraction by soxhlet method with 100 mL of n-hexane and 20 cycles number. The analysis resulted in the oils of sweet orange peel is about 3.2% v/w. Effect of extraction in vacuum conditions is studied by comparing the result of extraction in vacuum pressure to extraction at atmospheric pressure. The boiling temperature in atmospheric pressure was 80 oC and in vacuum pressure decreased to 50 oC. Thus oil yield in vacuum pressure is greater than at atmospheric pressure for 8 min of time. The experimental data showed that the oil yield is influenced by time; the longer time of extraction, oil yield obtained tends to be increased. In the material’s mass variation, oil yield tends to be decreased in percentage with increasing mass of material. The VMAHD method results on the oil content of 0.22% v/w yield obtained materials, test oil density of 0.84 g / mL, and essential oil dissolved in alcohol 70%. GC-MS analysis indicates that orange peel oil is composed of Limonene (96.69%), and Pinene (3.31%), which are in the class of sesquiterpenes
KARAKTERISASI EDIBLE FILM BERBAHAN DASAR EKSTRAK KARAGENAN DARI RUMPUT LAUT (Eucheuma cottonii) Fardhyanti, Dewi Selvia; Julianur, Syara Sofia
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 4, No 2 (2015): December 2015
Publisher : Semarang State University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v4i2.4127

Abstract

Extraction process of carrageenan doing at 2 hours with temperature 80-90°C using sodium hidroxide with variant consentration of sodium hydroxide is 0,55N; 0,75N; 0,95N; 1,2N; 1,4N. The edible film makes with raw material carrageenan with 2 blended material is carrageenan composite with beeswax and the plasticizer sorbitol, along carrageenan with plasticizer sorbitol. The optimal yield from extraction process of carrageenan ressult at consentration of sodium hydroxide 1,2 N with value 43,42%. Optimal sulphate content get ressult at consentration of sodium hydroxide 0,45 N with value 10,28%. Optimal water content get ressult at consentration of sodium hydroxide 0,9 N with value 8,47%. Identification from FTIR to showing group of ester sulphate at spectrum 1227,67 cm-1. The identification chains of glicoxide at spectrum 1067,17 cm-1, the identification of group function 3,6 anhydrogalactose at spectrum 931,04 cm-1, and for group function galactose 4-sulphate can identification kind of kappa-carrageenan at spectrum 848,19 cm-1. Result of this ressearch showing the edible film makes with from blanded carrageenan composite and beeswax has best characteristic is high tensile strength with value 1,0755 MPa, percent elongation with 257,738% and miscible with value 15,45%.
PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN MAGNESIUM STEARAT DAN JENIS PROTEIN PADA PEMBUATAN BIODEGRADABLE FOAM DENGAN METODE BAKING PROCESS hendrawati, Nanik; Sofiana, Anna Rubi; Widyantini, Ilmi Nur
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 4, No 2 (2015): December 2015
Publisher : Semarang State University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v4i2.4166

Abstract

Biodegradable foam with cassava starch, protein and chitosan as the basic ingredients can be produced by using baking process method. Variation on magnesium stearate amount and protein types gave different effect on the biodegradable foam quality. The amount of magnesium stearate was varied as 1; 1.6; 2.2; 2.8; 3.4 and 4 % w/w and the sources of protein used in this research were taken from soy bean, peanut and egg white. The foam produced in this research was then tested for its mechanical properties, water resistance and biodegradability. It was found that addition of magnesium stearate as much as 4% w/w reduced water adsorption and biodegradability of foam. Magnesium stearate affected the ability of absorption of water and foam degradation, but did not influence on tensile strength. Different types of protein also gave influence on water absorption, biodegradability and tensile strength. The best improvement of tensile strenght among the compounds tested was shown by soy bean based foam.
GRANULASI ABU LAYANG BATUBARA MENGGUNAKAN KARAGENAN DAN APLIKASINYA SEBAGAI ADSORBEN Pb(II) Astuti, Widi; Izzati, Indah Nurul
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 4, No 2 (2015): December 2015
Publisher : Semarang State University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v4i2.4361

Abstract

The increase of electrical industry using coal as an energy source resulting in accumulated solid waste such as fly ash.Coal fly ash is mainly composed of some oxides including Al2O3, SiO2 having active siteand unburned carbon as a mesopore material that anables it to act as a potentialadsorbent.However, the use of powder coal fly ash as an adsorbent is quite complex, especially in the filtration installation, so difficult to be applied in the industry.The aim of this study is to carry out granulation of the coal fly ash with the addition of carrageenan as a binder to improve the mechanical and chemical stability thereby increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of the adsorption process. Coal fly ash wasreacted with sodium hydroxide solution and then granulated with the addition of carrageenan 10, 15 and 20 w/w. Granular coal fly ash was further characterized its specific surface area, functional group and morphology. Furthermore, granular and powder treated coal fly ash were tested their adsorption ability for ion Pb (II). The results show that the addition of carrageenan as a binder can change the characteristics of coal fly ash, decrease specific surface area and adsorption capability. The adsorption of Pb (II) by coal fly ash granular follows the Langmuir isotherm model with a constant value of is 0.173 and KLis 0.329.
THE EFFECT OF AMOUNT OF NATURAL ZEOLIT CATALYST IN PRODUCT OF POLYPROPILENE (PP) PLASTIC WASTE PYROLYSIS Juliastuti, Sri Rachmania
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 4, No 2 (2015): December 2015
Publisher : Semarang State University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v4i2.4171

Abstract

To overcome the waste problem, especially plastic waste , environmental concerned scientists from various disciplines have conducted various research and actions. Catalytic pyrolysis processes was chosen as an alternative method to recycle plastic waste. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effect of natural zeolit catalyst on the pyrolysis process with oxygen-free conditions to obtain maximum hydrocarbon compounds (gasoline fraction in C5-C9). The process of pyrolysis was conducted in 3.5 dm3 unstirred stainless steel semi-batch reactor. This process operated at atmospheric pressure with nitrogen injection. Plastic waste that used in this particular paper was 50 grams of polypropylene (PP). In pyrolysis process, natural zeolite catalysts was added 2,5 gram (5% weight of natural zeolite per weight of plastic waste samples), 5 gram (10% ), and 10 gram (20%). Temperature of pyrolysis was 450°C and were maintained until 30 minutes. Steam that produced from pyrolisis was condensed and analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine yield of hydrocarbons produced. From the analysis of GC-MS, liquid products of pyrolysis contained lots of aromatic hydrocarbons. The optimal amount of catalyst that produce liquid with hydrocarbon compound that has the quality of gasoline was 10 gram (20%) with ≤C9 composition as 29,16% n-paraffin, 9,22% cycloparaffin, and 61,64% aromatics.
Production of Furfural from Corncobs Agricultural Waste by Acid Hydrolysis at Atmospheric Pressure Widyastuti, Catur Rini; Istiqomah, Istiqomah
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 3, No 2 (2014): December 2014
Publisher : Semarang State University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v3i2.5765

Abstract

Corncob is the renewable agricultural biomass which has great potency to be developed into useful chemical. It can be used as raw material for producing furfural as it contains high concentration of pentosan up to 32%. Furfural is a useful chemical intermediate which may be further processed into other valuable products, such as furan, furoic acid, and furfuryl alcohol. Furfural is also an important chemical solvent. The aim of this research was to optimize the production process and maximize the yield of furfural. The research was conducted in three steps which included pretreatment of raw material, hydrolysis, and distillation. Corncobs was ground to form powder with a maximum particle size of 150 mesh and then hydrolysed in a stirred reactor using H2SO4 at temperature variation of 80oC, 90oC, and 100oC for 2 hr, 3 hr, and 4 hr at atmospheric pressure. The hydrolysate was filtrated and the filtrate was added by toluene and being kept for 12 hours. The product was separated by distillation at 110oC. The result showed the highest yield of furfural from corncobs was 31% which obtained by acid hydrolysis at 100oC for 4 hours. Analysis using GC-MS identified furfural in the product and several impurities, such as toluene, 1,5-heptadien-3-yne, and benzaldehyde.

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