Garuda - Garba Rujukan Digital

Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Etanol Tanaman Iler (Coleus atropurpureus Benth) Terhadap Penurunan Kadar Glukosa Darah Pada Tikus Putih Jantan yang Diinduksi Aloksan Sarlina Illyyani; Difa Intannia; Liling Triyasmono
Jurnal Pharmascience Vol 2, No 1 (2015): Jurnal Pharmascience
Publisher : Program Studi Farmasi FMIPA Universitas Lambung Mangkurat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20527/jps.v2i1.5809

Abstrak Tanaman iler secara tradisonal digunakan masyarakat Amuntai Kalimantan Selatan untuk penghilang rasa nyeri, demam dan menurunkan kadar glukosa darah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas dan pengaruh paling besar dari ekstrak etanol tanaman iler (Coleus atropurpureus Benth) yang dapat menimbulkan penurunan kadar glukosa darah pada tikus putih jantan. Tikus diinduksi aloksan 150mg/kgBB secara intraperitonial dan dikatakan diabetes jika kadar glukosa darah ≥ 150 mg/dL. Tikus dikelompokkan menjadi 6 kelompok yaitu kontrol positif glibenklamid sebanyak 0,45 mg/kgBB, kontrol negatif NaCMC 1 % dan dosis ekstrak etanol tanaman iler yaitu 25mg/kgBB, 50mg/kgBB, 100mg/kgBB dan 200mg/kgBB. Pengukuran kadar glukosa darah dilakukan pada hari ke-0 (setelah tikus diinduksi aloksan dan menjadi diabetes), 4, 7, 10 dan 14. Nilai persen perubahan kadar glukosa darah dianalisis menggunakan uji Kruskal wallis dan uji Mann-Whithney. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol tanaman iler dosis 100mg/kgBB dan 200mg/kgBB menunjukkan tidak berbeda nyata dengan kontrol positif glibenklamid. Semua dosis ekstrak etanol iler menujukkan penurunan kadar glukosa darah. Dosis ekstrak 200mg/kgBB memberikan aktivitas terbesar yang dapat menurunkan kadar glukosa darah pada hewan uji. Kata Kunci : Glukosa Darah, Ekstrak Etanol, Iler AbstractTraditionally, Iler plant is used by the people in Amuntai, South Kalimantan for healing the pain, fever and decreasing the level of blood glucose. The aim of this research is to determine activities and the largest effect of ethanol extract of iler plant (Coleus atropurpureus Benth) which can decrease blood glucose on the white male rats. The rats is inducted with alloxan doses 150 mg/kgBB intraperitonial, rat has diabetes if the level of blood glucose ≥ 150 mg/dL. The rats are divided into 6 groups, consist of positive control of glibenclamide 0.45 mg/kgBB, negative control NaCMC 1% and ethanol extract of iler plant doses 25 mg/kgBB, 50 mg/kgBB, 100 mg/kgBB, and 200 mg/kgBB. Measurement of blood glucose level was performed on day 0 (after the rats are inducted with alloxan and becoming diabetes), 4, 7, 10 and 14. The percentage of blood glucose level change was analyzed using Kruskal Wallis test, and Mann Whitney test. Analysis result showed that extract ethanol of Iler plant with doses 100 mg/kgBB and 200 mg/kgBB was not significantly different from the positive control glibenclamide. All of doses of ethanol extract of iler referred to the decreasing of level of blood glucose. The doses 200mg/kgBB contributed the largest activity that able to decrease the level of blood glucose of laboratory animal. Key words : Blood Glukose, Ethanol extract, Iler.

Karakteristik Fisika Sediaan Suspensi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Gaharu (Aquilaria microcarpa Baill.) dengan Variasi Carboxymethyl Cellulose Sodium (CMC-Na) Mia Fitriana; Wawan Halwany; Khoerul Anwar; Liling Triyasmono; Beny Rahmanto; Susy Andriani; Nur Ainah
Jurnal Pharmascience Vol 7, No 1 (2020): Jurnal Pharmascience
Publisher : Program Studi Farmasi FMIPA Universitas Lambung Mangkurat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20527/jps.v7i1.8087

ABSTRAK Gaharu (Aquilaria microcarpa Baill.) merupakan salah satu hasil hutan yang memiliki aktivitas antioksidan. Ekstrak etanol daun A. microcarpa terbukti memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang tergolong sangat aktif. Ekstrak etanol daun A. microcarpa kemudian dibuat menjadi sediaan suspensi dengan variasi CMC-Na sebagai agen pengsuspensi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan pengaruh konsentrasi CMC-Na terhadap karakteristik fisik suspensi ekstrak etanol daun A.microcarpa. Suspensi dibuat dengan variasi CMC-Na pada F1 (0,5% CMC-Na), F2 (1% CMC-Na) dan F3 (1,5% CMC-Na). Evaluasi sediaan suspensi meliputi organoleptis, uji viskositas, uji pH, uji homogenitas serta uji berat jenis suspensi. Nilai evaluasi suspensi dianalisis secara statistik dengan software SPSS 21. Hasil evaluasi fisik menunjukkan bahwa penambahan konsentrasi CMC-Na akan meningkatkan nilai viskositas dan berat jenis sediaan. Kesimpulan dari pengujian ini adalah variasi konsentrasi CMC-Na mempengaruhi hasil viskositas, serta berat jenis suspensi (p<0,05) dan tidak mempengaruhi hasil organoleptis, homogenitas dan pH suspensi. Kata kunci: Gaharu, suspensi, CMC-Na ABSTRACT Gaharu (Aquilaria microcarpa Baill.) is one of the Borneo’s forest products that has antioxidant activity. Ethanol extract of A. microcarpa folium has been shown to have antioxidant activity that is classified as very active. The ethanol extract of A. microcarpa folium was then made into a suspension preparation with variations of sodium CMC as a suspending agent. This study aimed to determine the effect of sodium CMC concentration on the physical characteristics of the ethanol extract of A.microcarpa folium. Suspension was made with variations of sodium CMC in F1 (0.5% sodium CMC), F2 (1% sodium CMC) and F3 (1.5% sodium CMC). Evaluation of suspension preparations included organoleptic, viscosity test, pH test, homogeneity test and suspension specific gravity test. The suspension evaluation data were analyzed statistically with SPSS 21 Software. The physical evaluation results showed that the addition of sodium CMC concentration would increase the viscosity and specific gravity of the preparation. The conclusion of this test was that variations in the concentration of sodium CMC affected the results of viscosity and suspension specific gravity (p <0.05) and did not affect the organoleptic yield, homogeneity and pH of the suspension. Keywords: Gaharu, suspension,

Daya Larut Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kembang Bulan (Tithonia diversifolia) Terhadap Batu Ginjal Kalsium Secara In Vitro Liling Triyasmono; Eko Suhartono
Jurnal Pharmascience Vol 2, No 1 (2015): Jurnal Pharmascience
Publisher : Program Studi Farmasi FMIPA Universitas Lambung Mangkurat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20527/jps.v2i1.5810

Abstrak Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang daya larut ektrak etanol daun kembang bulan (Tithonia diversifolia) terhadap batu ginjal kalsium secara in vitro. Identifikasi flavonoid dilakukan dengan KLT menghasilkan senyawa yang terkandung adalah jenis flavon, sedangkan uji kualitatif batu ginjal dengan difraktometer sinar X dan FTIR menunjukkan bahwa batu ginjal yang digunakan adalah jenis kalsium oksalat. Ekstrak dibuat dengan 3 konsentrasi berbeda yaitu 0,125%, 0,25%, dan 0,5%. Batu ginjal kemudian dimasukkan sebanyak 100 mg ke dalam masing-masing konsentrasi dan diinkubasi selama 6 jam (37oC). Hasil filtrat didestruksi dan diukur kadar kalsium menggunakan spektrofotometer serapan atom pada l 422,7 nm. Hasil pengukuran rata-rata konsentrasi kalsium yang terlarut dalam ekstrak etanol pada konsentrasi 0,125%, 0,25%, dan 0,5% adalah 0,2893 ppm, 0,8809 ppm, dan 0,0554 ppm. Hasil uji Kruskal-Wallis diperoleh (nilai sig sebesar 0,027 < 0,05) dan disimpulkan bahwa konsentrasi kalsium terlarut dalam masing-masing konsentrasi ekstrak etanol yang dibuat berbeda signifikan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun Kembang Bulan dapat melarutkan batu ginjal kalsium secara in vitro. Konsentrasi 0,25% memiliki daya larut batu ginjal kalsium in vitro yang paling tinggi. Kata kunci: Batu ginjal kalsium, Kembang Bulan (Tithonia diversifolia), daya larut ekstrak etanol, spektrofotometer serapan atom AbstractIn vitro solubility activity test of ethanol extract of mexican sunflower leaves (Tithonia diversifolia) on calcium kidney stone has been carried out. Identification of flavonoids by TLC showed that a compound contained is kind of flavon, while qualitative test of kidney stones by X-ray diffraction and FTIR showed that the kidney stone is type of calcium oxalate. The variation of ethyl acetate fraction was made at concentration of 0.125; 0.25; 0.5 % (w/v). Each ethanol extract was added 100 mg of kidney stone and incubated for 6 hours at a temperature of 37oC. Filtrate is destructed and measured of calcium concentration was measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometer at l 422.7 nm. The average of result measurement of calcium concentration dissolved in ethyl acetate concentration of 0.125; 0.25; 0.5 % (w/v) is 0.2893; 0.8809; and 0.0554 ppm. Based on Kuskal Wallis test, obtained (sig=0.027<0.05). It can be concluded that the dissolved calcium concentration in each ethanolic extract were significantly different. Ethanolic exctract 0.25% has the largest ability in dissolving calcium kidney stones in vitro. Keywords: Calcium kidney stones, Tithonia diversifolia, solubility, ethanolic extract, Atomic Absorbtion Spectroscopy

Kandungan Total Fenolik, Total Flavonoid, dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Buah Mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L.) Khoerul Anwar; Liling Triyasmono
Jurnal Pharmascience Vol 3, No 1 (2016): Jurnal Pharmascience
Publisher : Program Studi Farmasi FMIPA Universitas Lambung Mangkurat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20527/jps.v3i1.5838

ABSTRAK Buah mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L.) merupakan salah satu tanaman mempunyai khasiat meningkatkan daya tahan tubuh, menurunkan tekanan darah, menurunkan glukosa darah, dan sebagai antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kandungan total fenolik, total flavonoid, dan aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak etanol buah mengkudu. Serbuk kering buah mengkudu dimaserasi menggunakan etanol 70%. Analisis kualitatif fenolik dan flavonoid dilakukan dengan kromatografi lapis tipis (KLT). Penetapan kadar total fenolik menggunakan pereaksi Folin-ciocalteau dengan pembanding pirogalol. Kadar total flavonoid ditetapkan dengan pembanding rutin menggunakan pereaksi FeCl3. Aktivitas antioksidan ditentukan dengan uji penangkapan radikal 2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH). Hasil analisis kualitatif menunjukkan adanya kandungan senyawa fenolik dan flavonoid. Kadar total fenolik pada ekstrak etanol buah mengkudu sebesar 14,44+0,82 mg ekivalen pirogalol (PE)/g ekstrak, sedangkan kadar total flavonoid sebesar 5,69+0,21 mg ekivalen rutin (RE)/g ekstrak. Hasil uji aktivitas antioksidan dengan metode DPPH menunjukkan IC50 ekstrak etanol buah mengkudu sebesar 104,73+4,56 µg/mL. Kata kunci: Morinda citrifolia, total fenolik, total flavonoid, antioksidan ABSTRACT Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) is one of the plants have properties to increase endurance, lower blood pressure, lowering blood glucose, and as an antibacterial. The aim of this study is to determine the total phenolic content, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of noni. Dry powder of noni fruit macerated using 70% ethanol. Qualitative analysis of total phenolic and total flavonoid was done by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Total phenolic assay used Folin-ciocalteau reagent by pyrogallol as comparison. Levels of total flavonoids determined by comparison to the rutin use of FeCl3 reagent. The antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The results of the qualitative analysis showed that it contains phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Total phenolic content of the ethanol extract of noni at 14.44+0.82 mg pyrogallol equivalent (PE) / g extract, while the total flavonoid content of 5.69+0.21 mg equivalent routine (RE) / g extract. The test results of antioxidant activity with DPPH method showed IC50 ethanol extract of noni of 104.73+4.56 µg / mL.Key words: Morinda citrifolia, total phenolic, total flavonoids, antioxidant

Characterization of Ethanol Extract from Agarwood (Aquilaria microcarpa Baill.) Leaf Beny Rahmanto; Wawan Halwany; Fajar Lestari; Khoerul Anwar; Liling Triyasmono; Muhammad Ikhwan Rizki; Maman Turjaman
Jurnal Jamu Indonesia Vol. 3 No. 2 (2018): Jurnal Jamu Indonesia
Publisher : Pusat Studi Biofarmaka Tropika LPPM IPB; Tropical Biopharmaca Research Center - Bogor Agricultural University

The aim of this research is to determine the specific and non-specific parameter from ethanolic extract of A. microcarpa. Specific parameters such as the organoleptic properties, content of water and ethanol soluble compound, and chhromatogram profile of the extract. In contrast, the non-specific parameter includes drying losses, ash levels, microbiological contamination levels, and heavy metal contamination levels. The results showed that the organoleptic properties of ethanolic extract of A. microcarpa was thick, blackish brown color, bitter taste and have distinctive odor. The average content of water-soluble compounds of 66.93%, ethanol-soluble of 47.97%, and chromatogram profile with Rf 0.636. The non-specific parameters results were drying losses of 5.50%, total ash content of 3.73%, acid-insoluble ash of 2.13%, microbial contamination testing results of 1.2x102-5.5x103 colonies/g, and total mold/ yeast contaminants of 10-100 colonies/g. Heavy metal contamination Pb levels and Cd levels were 5.47 mg/kg and 0.19 mg/kg respectively. These studies suggested that the observed specific and non-specific parameters may be helpful for establishing pharmacopoeia standards of A. microcarpa and to ensure uniformity of extract effect.

AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN EKSTRAK ETANOL, METANOL, DAN AQUADES DARI KULIT BUAH MUNDAR (Garcinia forbesii) Muhammad Ikhwan Rizki; Liling Triyasmono; Khoerul Anwar; Anna Khumaira Sari
Jurnal Ilmiah Ibnu Sina (JIIS): Ilmu Farmasi dan Kesehatan Vol 7 No 2 (2022): JIIS
Publisher : Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan ISFI Banjarmasin

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36387/jiis.v7i2.882

Mundar (Garcinia forbesii) is a typical plant from South Kalimantan. Mundar pericaps can be used as a natural antioxidant. The use of solvents in the extraction process can affect the antioxidant activity. The purpose of this study was to determine of phytochemical compounds and antioxidant activity of the ethanol, methanol, and aquades extracts from pericaps of mundar (Garcinia forbesii). Mundar pericaps is dried, then made into powder. Mundar pericaps powder was extracted with three different solvents, ethanol 70%, methanol, and aquades. Phytochemical screening and analysis by thin layer chromatography were performed on the three extracts. The three extracts were tested for antioxidant activity by DPPH method. The results showed that ethanol and methanol extracts contained phytochemical compounds of phenolic, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, steroids, and terpenoids. Aquades extract contains phenolic, flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids. The chromatographic profile showed that the ethanol and methanol extracts had an Rf value of 0.307. The antioxidant activity from highest to lowest was ethanol extract (192.64 ppm), methanol extract (236.64 ppm), and aquades extract (443.13 ppm) from mundar pericaps

AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN EKSTRAK ETANOL, METANOL, DAN AQUADES DARI KULIT BUAH MUNDAR (Garcinia forbesii) Muhammad Ikhwan Rizki; Liling Triyasmono; Khoerul Anwar; Anna Khumaira Sari
Jurnal Ilmiah Ibnu Sina (JIIS): Ilmu Farmasi dan Kesehatan Vol 7 No 2 (2022): JIIS
Publisher : Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan ISFI Banjarmasin

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36387/jiis.v7i2.882

Mundar (Garcinia forbesii) is a typical plant from South Kalimantan. Mundar pericaps can be used as a natural antioxidant. The use of solvents in the extraction process can affect the antioxidant activity. The purpose of this study was to determine of phytochemical compounds and antioxidant activity of the ethanol, methanol, and aquades extracts from pericaps of mundar (Garcinia forbesii). Mundar pericaps is dried, then made into powder. Mundar pericaps powder was extracted with three different solvents, ethanol 70%, methanol, and aquades. Phytochemical screening and analysis by thin layer chromatography were performed on the three extracts. The three extracts were tested for antioxidant activity by DPPH method. The results showed that ethanol and methanol extracts contained phytochemical compounds of phenolic, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, steroids, and terpenoids. Aquades extract contains phenolic, flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids. The chromatographic profile showed that the ethanol and methanol extracts had an Rf value of 0.307. The antioxidant activity from highest to lowest was ethanol extract (192.64 ppm), methanol extract (236.64 ppm), and aquades extract (443.13 ppm) from mundar pericaps

Edukasi Penggunaan Tanaman Obat Keluarga untuk Meningkatkan Derajat Kesehatan di Banjarbaru Kalimantan Selatan Evi Mintowati Kuntorini; Abdul Gafur; Gunawan Gunawan; Liling Triyasmono
Jurnal ABDIRAJA Vol 6 No 2 (2023): Jurnal Abdiraja
Publisher : LPPM Universitas Wiraraja Sumenep, Jalan Raya Sumenep Pamekasan KM. 5 Patean Sumenep 69451, Telp. (0328) 673399 Fax. (0328) 673088

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24929/adr.v6i2.2892

Pengetahuan terhadap tanaman obat keluarga (TOGA) sangat penting sebagai dasar untuk swamedikasi menggunakan tanaman obat. Kegiatan pengabdian terdiri dari pengenalan jenis tanaman obat, peningkatan ketrampilan pengolahan tanaman obat, dan pengenalan manfaat tanaman obat untuk pengobatan suatu penyakit. Kegiatan pengabdian menggunakan metode penyuluhan, diskusi, dan praktek langsung. Data dianalisis menggunakan statistik deskriptif. Hasil kegiatan pengabdian menunjukkan terjadi peningkatan pengetahuan pengenalan jenis tanaman obat, peningkatan ketrampilan pengolahan tanaman obat, dan pengenalan manfaat tanaman obat untuk pengobatan suatu penyakit berturut turut adalah 90%, 100%, dan 85%. Selain kegiatan penyuluhan, kegiatan ini juga menghasilkan kebun TOGA dengan jumlah tanaman obat 30 jenis.

UPAYA PENCEGAHAN DAN PENANGANAN STUNTING MELALUI EDUKASI MENGGUNAKAN LEAFLET PADA MASYARAKAT DI DESA TUNGKARAN KECAMATAN MARTAPURA Muhammad Ikhwan Rizki; Anna Khumaira Sari; Normaidah; Hayatun Izma; Liling Triyasmono; Laura Sarwo; Mutia Mawaddah; Sofia
Jurnal Bakti untuk Negeri Vol 3 No 2 (2023): JBN
Publisher : Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan ISFI Banjarmasin

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36387/jbn.v3i2.1474

Stunting is a condition of chronic malnutrition and has long-term impacts on growth, mental and cognitive abilities, low immunity, productivity and reproduction. Tungkaran Village is in Banjar Regency, South Kalimantan. The prevalence of stunting under five cases in South Kalimantan in 2018 reached 25-30%. The lecture method is a method of conveying information orally. Leaflets are printed media for conveying information to the public effectively. The aim of this activity is to increase public knowledge as an effort to prevent and handle stunting incidents. Community service activities include stunting education to the community, pretests, delivering education using leaflets, discussions and questions and answers, as well as evaluating activities with posttests. The results of implementing community service in Tungkaran Village, Martapura District, Banjar Regency using the lecture method using leaflet media showed an increase in the knowledge of mothers of toddlers, posyandu cadres and the community about preventing and handling stunting in children from 77.57% to 99.69%.

STANDARISASI PARAMETER SPESIFIK DAN NON SPESIFIK PADA SIMPLISIA KULIT BUAH MUNDAR (Garcinia forbesii) ASAL KALIMANTAN SELATAN Anna Khumaira Sari; Muhammad Ikhwan Rizki; Liling Triyasmono; Gina Alfandani
BENZENA Pharmaceutical Scientific Journal Vol 2, No 01 (2023): BENZENA PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL
Publisher : Universitas Pekalongan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31941/benzena.v2i01.3111

Latar bekalang : Mundar (Garcinia forbesii) merupakan tanaman khas asal Kalimantan Selatan yang berpotensi sebagai bahan obat. Tamanan diolah menjadi simplisia harus memenuhi persyaratan untuk dapat digunakan sebagai bahan obat. Simplisia yang digunakan akan melalui uji parameter standar simplisia meliputi parameter spesifik dan non spesifik. Parameter spesifik yang akan diuji yaitu golongan senyawa, senyawa spesifik yang menggambarkan efek farmakologis sedangkan pada parameter non spesifik yang akan diuji adalah sifat kimia, fisika dan mikrobiologi yang akan mempengaruhi stabilitas dan keamanan obat.Tujuan : Menetapkan parameter spesifik dan non spesifik simplisia kulit buah mundar asal Kalimantan SelatanMetode : Pengujian yang dilakukan yaitu penetapan parameter spesifik dan parameter non spesifik yang ditetapkan meliputi organoleptik, mikroskopik, kadar sari larut pelarut tertentu, susut pengeringan, kadar abu tidak larut asam, kadar abu total, dan cemaran logam berat. Sampel simplisia tanaman Mundar yang akan diuji berasal dari dua Kecamatan yang berbeda yaitu dari Kecamatan Karang Intan dan Kecamatan Beruntung Baru Kabupaten Banjar, Kalimantan Selatan.Hasil : Hasil analisis simplisia kulit buah mundar dari Kecamatan Karang Intan and Kecamatan Beruntung Baru masing-masing adalah organoleptik kedua sampel simplisia berupa serbuk coklat, asam, berbau khas. Hasil mikroskopik diperoleh terdapat epidermis, kolenkim dan parenkim mesocarp pada kedua simplisia. Kadar sari larut etanol kedua simplisia masing-masing 57,20±0,10% dan 58,57±0,49%, kadar sari larut air 66,93±0,23% dan 68,83±0,15%, susut pengeringan 5,40±0,26% dan 6,93±0,76%, kadar abu total 2,20±0,03% dan 2,49±0,02%, kadar abu tidak larut asam 0,04±0,02% dan 0,06±0,02%, cemaran logam berat Pb 0,007±0,000mg/kg dan 0,010±0,003mg/kg, Cd 0,006±0,001mg/kg dan 0,009±0,002 mg/kg.Kesimpulan : Hasil parameter spesidik dan non spesifik kedua sampel simplisia kulit buah G.forbesii memenuhi persyaratan standar.Kata kunci: Mundar, simplisia, spesifik, non spesifik.

Title

Found 31 Documents
Search

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Title Search

Found 31 Documents Search

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Title

Found 31 Documents
Search